Brain cancer associated with environmental lead exposure: Evidence from implementation of a National Petrol-Lead Phase-Out Program (PLPOP) in Taiwan between 1979 and 2007 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan;3. Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;4. Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;5. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;1. Upper River Valley Hospital, 11300 Route 130, Waterville, New Brunswick, E7P 0A4, Canada;2. Dalhousie Medical School, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;3. Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Liouying Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;2. Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;3. Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;4. Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan;5. Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan;6. Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan;1. Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Pyay Road, Kamayut Township 11041, Yangon, Myanmar;2. Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;1. Brigham and Women''s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;2. National Clinical Scholars Program, University of California Los Angeles, 10940 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA;1. Brain, Behavior & the Environment Program, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States;2. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States;3. Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States;1. Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Texas Children''s Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States;2. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Hermann Pressler Drive, Houston, TX 77030, United States |
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| Abstract: | Background and objectiveIn 1981, a Petrol-Lead Phase-Out Program (PLPOP) was launched in Taiwan for the abatement of environmental lead emissions. The present study was intended to examine whether the high Petrol-Lead Emission Areas (PLEA) would result in an increase in the incidence rate of brain cancer based on a national data bank.MethodsThe national brain cancer incidence data was obtained from the Taiwan National Cancer Registry. Age standardized incidence rates were calculated based on the 2000 WHO world standard population, and gasoline consumption data was obtained from the Bureau of Energy. The differences in the trend tests for age-standardized incidence rates of brain cancer between high, median, low, and small PLEA were analyzed.ResultsA significant increase was found from small to high PLEA in age-standardized incidence rates of brain cancer. By taking six possible confounders into account, the age-standardized incidence rates for brain cancer were highly correlated with the median and high PLEA by reference to the small PLEA.ConclusionAfter being adjusted for a number of relevant confounders, it could be concluded that high PLEA might result in an increase in the incidence rate of brain cancer resulting from high lead exposures. |
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