4-Nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Swedish food and exposure in Swedish nursing women |
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| Institution: | 1. National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry, TNO Earth, Environmental & Life Sciences, P.O. Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;2. Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, PO BOX 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA;1. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China;2. Office of Health Promotion, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China;3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China;1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;2. School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China;3. Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China;4. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;5. Department of Preventive medicine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;2. ‘Jožef Stefan’ International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;4. HERACLES Health and Exposome Research Centre, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece;5. School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia 27100, Italy |
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| Abstract: | 4-Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are phenolic substances used in high volumes by the industry. Studies on cells and in experimental animals have shown that both these compounds can be classified as estrogenic hormone disrupters. Information about the exposure of humans to NP and BPA is still scarce, especially regarding levels in human blood. The first aim of this study was to investigate possible sources of NP and BPA exposure from food, by analyzing the levels of NP and BPA from a Swedish food market basket, based on the Swedish per capita food consumption. A second aim was to investigate blood serum levels of NP and BPA, as well as NP-ethoxylates, among young women in Sweden (n = 100). Moreover, associations between food consumption and blood NP and BPA levels were studied. In food, NP was to some extent found at levels above limit of quantification (LOQ 20 ng/g fresh weight) in fruits, cereal products, vegetables, and potatoes. BPA levels above LOQ (2 ng/g fresh weight) were found in fish, meats, potatoes, and dairy products. The estimated mean intakes per capita were (medium bound) 27 μg NP/day and 3.9 μg BPA/day, showing that food is a source of BPA and NP in the general Swedish population. In blood serum, free NP above limit of detection (LOD 0.5 ng/g) was detected in 46% of the study participants while detectable levels of total NP (LOD 0.8 ng/g) were observed in 43%. The corresponding percentages for BPA were 25% and 22%, respectively. The results indicate that there is a continuous source of exposure to NP and BPA that is high enough for free NP and BPA to be detected in some consumers. Among the participants with quantifiable levels of free and total NP (n = 38), 85% (median, range: 38–112%) of the NP was present as free NP. For BPA 76% (49–109%) was detected as free BPA (n = 15). All women had levels of ethoxylates of NP below LOD (0.1–0.7 ng/g). A significantly higher total consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported in questionnaires by participants with NP levels at or above LOD than among women with levels below LOD. This result is supporting the market basket results of relatively high NP levels in these types of food. |
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