A framework and indicators for evaluating policies for conservation and development: The case of wildlife management units in Mexico |
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| Affiliation: | 1. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera a Reforma Km.15.5, Ranchería Guineo 2a. Sección, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico;3. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico;1. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Instituto Aqualie, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Basque Centre for Climate Change, Sede Building 1, 1st floor, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa 48940, Bilbao, Spain;2. Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz Haro, 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;3. University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, 16-21 Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK;4. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad—IIES, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Morelia, Mexico;5. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina;6. FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina;7. Department of Decision Sciences Corvinus Business School, Corvinus University of Budapest & Environmental Social Science Research Group—ESSRG, Budapest, Fővám tér 8 1093, Hungary;8. Department of Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark;9. Department of Economy and Society, University of Gothenburg, Box 625, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;10. Tyndall Center Department of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK;11. Project House, Moda Caddesi Borucu Han no: 20/204 Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey;12. Centre for Sustainability Studies, Lund University, Box 170, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;13. Environmental Social Science Research Group—ESSRG Ltd., Rómer Flóris u. 38, Budapest, Hungary;14. Department of Decision Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest. 1093 Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Hungary;15. Centre d''Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive—CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier, France;16. Department of Economics, Kiel University, Wilhelm-Seelig-Platz 1, Kiel, Germany;17. International Institute of Global Health & Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, UNU-IAS, Jingu mae, Shibuya ku, Tokyo, Japan;18. Department of Environmental Politics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15 04318, Leipzig, Germany;19. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum, B.O. Box 321, Ghamhoria Street, Khartoum, Sudan;20. Korea Environment Institute, 613-2 Bulgwang-dong Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 122-706, South Korea;21. Center of Excellence for Wildlife Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;22. Center for Environmental Governance, P.O. Box LG 376, Legon, Accra, Ghana;23. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, College of the Environment, 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;24. Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;25. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey, 06560 Ankara, Turkey;26. Centre for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;27. School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;28. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) Córdoba, Argentina;29. Department of Rural Development,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba—UNC, Av. Valparaíso s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina;30. National Institute for Agricultural Research of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hedi Karray, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia;31. Department of Economics, University of Chile, Diagonoal Paraguay 257 Of. 1501, Santiago 833015, Chile;32. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02215 USA;33. Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences—NMBU, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;34. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research—NINA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;35. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmBH, Av. Insurgentes Sur 813 piso 4, C.P. 03840 Ciudad de México, Mexico;36. The Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria, Corner of Lynnwood Road and Roper Street, Hatfield, 0083 Pretoria, South Africa;37. Belgian Biodiversity Platform & Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;38. Wetlands International, A-25, Defence Colony, New Delhi 110024, India;39. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincum, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China;40. Programa de Pós-Graduação de Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade—Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil;41. Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, IUCN, Wellington, New Zealand;42. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Natural Resources and the Environment Research Groups, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—CSIR, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa;43. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia;44. Area de Ecología—Instituto del Conurbano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Juan María Gutiérrez 1150, 1613 Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina;45. Centro de Investigaciones de la Economía Mundial—CIEM, Calle 22, No. 309 entre 3ra y 5ta Avenida, Miramar, Habana 13 C.P. 11300, Cuba;46. DG Regional and Urban Policy, European Commission, Avenue de Beaulieu 5, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium;47. National Biodiversity Policy, Government of Canada, Canada;48. Deputy Minister of Planning for Development, Plurinational State of Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia;49. Environmental Policy Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Mechelininkatu 34A, Helsinki, Finland;50. Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre—CSRio, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;51. International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;52. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon. n° 550, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;53. Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand;54. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Box 357, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal, India;55. Society, Ecology and Ethics Department, GenØk Centre for Biosafety, Siva innovasjonssenter, P.O. Box 6418, 9294 Tromsø, Norway;56. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan;57. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Belgium University of Antwerp. Drie Eiken – gebouw R R.3.07, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;1. Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England (UWE), Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;2. Centre for Rural Economy and Institute for Agri-Food Research & Innovation, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;3. Laurence Mee Centre for Society and the Sea, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban PA371QA, UK;1. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-Unidad Villahermosa, Km 15.5 Carr Reforma, 86280 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico;2. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 103 km, 22800 Ensenada, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | The Mexican government has an innovative policy model for biodiversity conservation and rural development that includes permissible use of wildlife within a System of Land Management Units (SUMA, by its Spanish acronym). This co-management approach has been successful in terms of landowner participation, since the SUMA currently covers 38.2 million hectares (nearly 20% of Mexican territory). However, after 18 years of implementation, there has been no comprehensive evaluation by which to assess its effectiveness at national level. This article introduces the SUMA policy, its implementation and outcomes, and proposes a framework for conducting institutional monitoring and evaluation within an adaptive co-management approach. Our methodology comprised analysis of the achievements and challenges reported through interviews with stakeholders, journals and grey literature, and a review of the SUMA Information System (SIS) and its decision-making information needs. As result we have developed a set of 40 environmental, social and economic indicators grouped into five distinct but complementary dimensions within a sustainability framework: (I) Biodiversity conservation,(II) Wildlife management, (III) Economics, (IV) Social welfare and (V) Administration. These indicators can be incorporated into the SIS in order to support program evaluation and strengthen decision-making. Our article provides specific pathways for developing policy-oriented evaluation systems for worldwide biodiversity and conservation initiatives. |
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| Keywords: | Mainstreaming conservation Assessment Indicators of sustainability Adaptive management Social welfare |
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