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A review of global outlook on fluoride contamination in groundwater with prominence on the Pakistan current situation
Authors:Atta Rasool  Abida Farooqi  Tangfu Xiao  Waqar Ali  Sifat Noor  Oyebamiji Abiola  Salar Ali  Wajid Nasim
Affiliation:1.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guiyang,China;2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China;3.Environmental Hydro-Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences,Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad,Pakistan;4.The Key Laboratory of Water Safety and Protection in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China;5.State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guiyang,China;6.Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing,China;7.Department of Environmental Sciences,COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,Vehari,Pakistan
Abstract:Several million people are exposed to fluoride (F?) via drinking water in the world. Current review emphasized the elevated level of fluoride concentrations in the groundwater and associated potential health risk globally with a special focus on Pakistan. Millions of people are deeply dependent on groundwater from different countries of the world encompassing with an elevated level of fluoride. The latest estimates suggest that around 200 million people, from among 25 nations the world over, are under the dreadful fate of fluorosis. India and China, the two most populous countries of the world, are the worst affected. In Pakistan, fluoride data of 29 major cities are reviewed and 34% of the cities show fluoride levels with a mean value greater than 1.5 mg/L where Lahore, Quetta and Tehsil Mailsi are having the maximum values of 23.60, 24.48, > 5.5 mg/L, respectively. In recent years, however, other countries have minimized, even eliminated its use due to health issues. High concentration of fluoride for extended time period causes adverse effects of health such as skin lesions, discoloration, cardiovascular disorders, dental fluorosis and crippling skeletal fluorosis. This review deliberates comprehensive strategy of drinking water quality in the global scenario of fluoride contamination, especially in Pakistan with prominence on major pollutants, mitigation technologies, sources of pollution and ensuing health problems. Considering these verities, health authorities urgently need to establish alternative means of water decontamination in order to prevent associated health problems.
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