The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of Elements in Crops and Soil |
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Authors: | Alex Heikens Budi Widianarko Inge C Dewi Jan L M De Boer Willem Seinen Kees van Leeuwen |
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Institution: | (1) Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Yalelaan 2, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands;(2) Soegijapranata Catholic University (UNIKA), Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur IV/I, Bendang Duwur Semarang, 50234, Indonesia;(3) National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands;(4) European Commission, Joint Research Institute, Via E. Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy |
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Abstract: | In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting
in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice,
maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni,
Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were
compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated
area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations
of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification,
it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to
an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature
values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd
and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did. |
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Keywords: | acid crater lakes contamination irrigation metals rice soil |
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