海洋牧场生态效益的内涵与提升路径

生态效益是海洋牧场优于传统养殖方式的最显著特质。提升海洋牧场的生态效益,就必须对其内涵和提升路径有清晰的认识。基于生态系统服务理论,海洋牧场生态效益的内涵得以厘清:作为反映海洋牧场可持续发展能力的评价指标,须划清与经济效益和社会效益的界限,应仅包括海洋生态系统服务中的调节服务和支持服务,本质上是海域原有生态效益与人工措施形成的生态增益的叠加。生态增益是各项人工措施的正负生态效应共同作用产生的生态效益增量,具有明显生态增益的海洋牧场,才符合可持续发展要求。海洋牧场生态效益的最大化,须以人工措施形成的生态增益最大化为目标,以人工措施生态正效应的最大化和生态负效应的最小化为导向,以基于生态优先原则对人工措施的科学管控为实现路径。管控措施应以保证人工措施的科学性和合理性为核心,涵盖统筹规划布局、规范建设标准、强化监测管理三个方面,贯穿海洋牧场建设的全过程。该研究成果有望为提升我国海洋牧场的生态效益提供理论依据和工作思路。

Connotation and Improving Approach of the Ecological Benefits of Marine Ranching

Ecological benefits are the most remarkable characteristics of marine ranching compared with traditional aquaculture. Therefore it is necessary to clarify the connotation and approach to improve ecological benefits of marine ranching. Based on ecosystem services theory, the connotation of ecological benefits of marine ranching could be obtained. As an evaluation indicator reflecting the capacity of sustainable development, ecological benefits should be separated from economic and social benefits, and should only contain the adjusting service and supporting service provided by marine ecosystem. Essentially, the ecological benefits of marine ranching are the sum of ecological benefits of primary marine ecosystem and gained ecological benefits caused by all the artificial measures. The gained ecological benefits are the increment of ecological benefits made by both the positive and negative ecological effects of artificial measures working together. Achieving obvious gained ecological benefits is the demand for sustainable development of marine ranching. So, in order to maximize ecological benefits, it is necessary to maximize gained ecological benefits, which requires maximizing positive ecological effects and minimizing negative ecological effects caused by artificial measures. Then the scientific management of artificial measures must be conducted on the basis of ecological priority principle. The core of management is to ensure that the artificial measures are scientific and reasonable. Management measures should consist of three aspects which are overall planning, standardizing construction standards, strengthening monitoring and management. Thus the whole process of marine ranching construction could be under control scientifically. It could provide theoretical support and practical guidance for promoting ecological benefits of marine ranching.