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Efficacy of created and restored nesting sites for the conservation of colonial Laridae in the South of France
Authors:Timothée Schwartz  Aurélien Besnard  Christophe Pin  Olivier Scher  Thomas Blanchon  Arnaud Béchet  Nicolas Sadoul
Affiliation:1. A Rocha France, Tourrettes-sur-Loup, France;2. CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France;3. Amis des Marais du Vigueirat, Mas-Thibert, France;4. Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels Occitanie, Montpellier, France;5. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France
Abstract:By rapidly modifying key habitat components, habitat restoration is at risk of producing attractive cues for animals without providing habitats of sufficient quality. As such, individual fitness components, such as reproduction, could be reduced and restored habitats could become ecological traps. This risk notably appears by using artificial constructions in restoration projects, yet few studies have evaluated their efficacy in a robust way. We investigated this by analyzing 154 islets that were created or restored to improve the conservation status of 7 colonial Laridae species in the South of France. From 2007 to 2016, we compared occupancy dynamics and breeding parameters of these species between the restored sites and 846 unmanaged nesting sites. We also explored species’ preference for different nesting site characteristics and their respective effect on breeding parameters. Restored nesting sites were 2–9 times as attractive as unmanaged sites for all species except the Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Colonization probability was up to 100 times higher in sites already used by other species the previous year and increased with distance to the shore until >0.2 when distance was over 250 m. Abandonment probability was 29–70% lower when breeding was successful the previous year in all species except the Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis). Productivity and breeding success probability were 2 times higher on managed sites. Distance from the shore was an important attractive characteristic of artificial nesting sites in all species. Other nesting site characteristics had species-specific effects on colonization, abandonment, and breeding success. Our results indicate that managed nesting sites are successful conservation tools for colonial Laridae in the Mediterranean and do not act as ecological traps. Our study showed that testing the ecological trap hypothesis is a robust way to evaluate the success of restoration projects of breeding habitats.
Keywords:artificial island  breeding success  ecological trap  habitat restoration  natural nesting site  occupancy dynamics  productivity  dinámicas de ocupación  éxito reproductivo  isla artificial  productividad  restauración del hábitat  sitio natural de anidación  trampa ecológica  两栖动物  生态陷阱, 人工岛, 自然巢址, 繁殖成功率, 生产力, 占用动态, 生境恢复
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