三江平原典型灌区井灌地下水中铁的随水迁移特征

以三江平原典型水稻灌区———黑龙江省农垦总局建三江分局为例,系统调查了该区地下水的铁含量特征,并具体分析了铁通过井灌从地下水进入晒水池、稻田,再通过排水进入多等级沟渠系统的季节迁移过程及铁在相应沉积物或土壤中的分布特征.结果表明,研究区地下水总铁质量浓度为(1.73±0.41)mg.L-1,最大值为11.4 mg.L-1,最小值0.01 mg.L-1,变异系数1.29%.根据2010年水稻种植面积和当地实行的每亩额定灌水量推算,从地下进入稻田和其它地表水体中的铁可达4 976.40 t.溶解性Fe2+、溶解性Fe3+、溶解性铁和总铁都具有明显的季节变化(6、7月较高),且沿水流方向以稻田积水中的含量较高.晒水池和稻田对地下水铁的富集效应明显,二者的总铁质量浓度分别达到地下水的6.17和21.65倍.晒水池沉积物的总铁含量显著高于稻田、农渠和干渠(浓江河).不同氧化铁形态中,仍以晒水池沉积物中各形态铁氧化物的含量较高,而稻田土壤、农渠和干渠沉积物之间没有显著性差异.三江平原典型灌区地下水中的铁通过井灌进入地表水体中,大部分被蓄积在晒水池和稻田中,仅有少部分随稻田退水进入沟渠网,并逐级沉淀在稻田和沟渠沉积物中.铁在随水迁移过程中除了总量变化外,还伴随着种类和形态的转化,这些变化直接受水稻灌溉管理方式的影响,具有明显的季节特征.长期井灌或将导致铁在稻田土壤和沟渠沉积物中的富集,具有潜在的污染风险.

Waterborne Iron Migration by Groundwater Irrigation Pumping in a Typical Irrigation District of Sanjiang Plain

The iron concentration in groundwater, iron's seasonal migration from groundwater to sun-basked pools, paddy fields and drainage canals, and its distribution in the sediments/soils were observed in the Jiansanjiang Branch Bureau, Heilongjiang Agricultural Cultivation Bureau. The results suggested that the total iron mass concentration of the studied area was (1.73±0.41) mg·L^-1, ranging from 0.01 to 11.4 mg·L^-1, with the variation coefficient of 1.29%. The annual iron input mass from groundwater to paddy fields and other surface water bodies was 4976.40 t in 2010, according to the rice planting area and rating irrigation volume. Dissolved Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and iron, as well as the total iron (dissolved and particle) had seasonal variation, with greater values presented in June and July. These waterborne irons in paddy field waters were greater than those in sun-basked pools and drainage canals. Obvious enrichment effect was observed in sun-basked pools and paddy fields, with their total iron mass concentrations were 6.17 and 21.65 times greater than that in groundwater. Either the total iron or iron oxides in sun-baked pool sediments were greater than that in paddy field soils, field canal and main canal sediments. The differences of the total iron and iron oxides in paddy field soils, field canal and main canal sediments were not significantly different. Considerable irons were precipitated within sun-basked pools and paddy fields during the transfer from groundwater to surface water, with a part of irons exporting into canals through drainage and then precipitated there. Not only the change of total iron mass, but the transformation of iron chemical speciation was observed during the transfer, which was affected by paddy irrigation management directly. The long-term irrigation pumping could cause the substantial enrichment of iron in paddy soils and canal sediments, resulting in the increase of potential pollution risk.