Implications for the carrying capacity of lithium reserve in China |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;2. Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;3. Key Laboratory of Strategic Studies, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100812, China;1. University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain;2. Francisco de Vitoria University (UFV), Madrid, Spain;1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;2. Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol), Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), S.P. Andersens veg 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;3. Technical University Darmstadt, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute IWAR, Material Flow Management and Resource Economy, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;4. Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage, (HIU) Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany |
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| Abstract: | China is a major supplier of rechargeable lithium batteries for the world's consumer electronics (CE) and electric vehicles (EV). Consequently, China's domestic lithium resources are being rapidly depleted, and the development of the CE and EV industries will be vulnerable to the carrying capacity of China's lithium reserves. Here we find that lithium demand in China will increase significantly due to the continuing growth of demand for CE and the briskly emerging market for EV, resulting in a short carrying duration of lithium, even with full recycling of end-of-life lithium products. With these applications increasing at an annual rate of 7%, the carrying duration of lithium reserves will oblige the end-of-life products recycling with a 90% rate. To sustain the lithium industry, one approach would be to develop the collection system and recycling technology of lithium-containing waste for closed-loop lithium recycling, and other future endeavors should include developing the low-lithium battery and optimizing lithium industrial structure. |
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| Keywords: | Lithium Carrying capacity China Recycling Implications |
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