Untersuchungen über das Beutefangverhalten bei larven des herings Clupea harengus

Herring larvae were obtained via artificial spawning (Baltic spring spawners, Downs herring). Eggs were immediately transported to the Marine Station (“Meeresstation”) of the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, transferred into 140] tanks, and incubated at about 10°C. Sea water was circulated through an internal filter. Artificial illumination (neon tubes) was kept at about 1000 Lux (water surface) during 12 h per day; it was than decreased gradually to complete darkness within 30 min. Dawn was also simulated in order to avoid abrupt changes in light intensity. Food consisted of wild plankton (mainly crustacean nauplii) caught every day on Helgoland Roads, and of Artemia salina nauplii. The larvae were fed 1 to 3 times a day; they took the food always within the first half hour after it was offered. Over periods of 5 min each, the time spent for various activities (different modes of swimming, feeding) were recorded. The behavioural patterns of comparable larvae were filmed. The initial phase of prey catching consists of s-shaped body bending; usually the main bend of the body (upper arrows in Figs. 2 and 3) bears a typical directional relationship to the swimming path of the prey focussed (lower arrows). Such body bending is not always succeeded by subsequent steps of prey catching. In the normal prey catching process, aiming is followed by sudden stretching of the body and swallowing of the prey within 0.2 to 0.3 sec. Yolk sac larvae can use their pectoral fins, larvae of more then 15 mm total length also their tail- and dorsal-fins, for stabilization and correction of prey catching movements. In yolk sac larvae, complete prey catching lasts about 1 to 3 sec. Percentage successful prey catching manoeuvres increases with age and experience (Table 2). Initial success percentage was about 1% in Baltic Sea larvae (Kiel) and about 10% in Downs larvae; it rose within 30 to 35 days in Kiel larvae to nearly 60%, in Downs larvae to over 70%. The possible reasons for these differences are discussed; they may be related to body size and composition of planktonic food. Visual perception of food depends on optic capacities of larvae, size and distance of prey, visibility, and “duration of presentation” (time span during which the image of the prey is projected onto the retina). This, in turn, appears to be subject to frequency and amplitude of undulating movements of the head during swimming. The percentage of body positioning for prey catching attains maximum values at prey distances of 2 to 8 mm in yolk sac larvae (Downs), and of 3 to 40 mm in larvae of 15 to 20 mm body length; it decreases steadily with increasing prey distance. Larvae up to 15 mm total length take mainly copepod nauplii, larger larvae preferably copepodites. Distance of prey perception is wider in the horizontal than in the vertical plane; in fact, larvae do not perceive prey underneath the horizontal plane.