中国流域水资源综合开发

流域是地球陆地表层生态系统最为发达的地域组成单元。作为流域生态系统发育的关键要素，水资源的开发利用决定着包括人文系统在内的整个流域生态系统发育的基本走向和命运。中国是世界上流域水资源开发利用最早的国家之一，目前的综合开发利用程度已经达到较高的水准，且在建的水电大坝工程有数十座。2008 年中国流域水资源综合开发强度已经达到了25.9%，高出全球同期平均水平9 个多百分点。其中淮河、海河和黄河三大流域的开发强度值为最高，水资源的可持续开发能力已荡然无存。受流域水资源结构、需求变化、资源开发环境以及全球气候变暖等因素的共同影响，未来中国流域水资源的综合开发强度应保持在35%左右为宜，其中水资源的开发强度大体可在25%，水电资源的开发强度大体可在50%。

An Overall Development of Water Resources for China’s Rivers

River valley is the home of the most advanced ecosystem on the earth. As a key factor of valley ecosystem, development of water resource dominants the growth of whole valley ecosystem. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to harness the valley water resources to breed its civilization, and the country is now boasting for great achievements in an overall development of valley water when tens of big dams are under construction. In 2008, for example, the overall used rate of China's water resources reached 25.9%, while that of the world's average registered only 16.9%. The three valleys of the Huaihe River, the Haihe River and the Yellow River stood at the top with their overall used rates of 67.2%, 66.1% and 61.9%, respectively. Most rivers in the three valleys no longer reach the sea for several months each year. In fact, China is now facing an unexpected challenge when a rapid growth of its socio-economy is thirsty for a diversified water supply, from the industrials such as agriculture, manufacture, power generation to civil departments in both urban and rural areas. More importantly, the general feature of China's water resource structure, divided commonly by the two used-purposes of survival and prosper, is apt for the development of hydro-power generation rather than other uses, compared with other countries. Considering the combined impact of water resource structure, a changeable pattern of water usages and regional development disparities in general, and the global climate change in particular, China could set a target for its overall development of water resources not more than 35% of the national total. Under which, the capacity for water withdrawn would maintain at around 25% of its total resources, and the capacity for hydropower generation would be harnessed by about 50% of its total economically exploitable.