重金属污染物的免疫学检测技术研究进展

重金属的免疫学检测是一种新型的重金属检测方法，与传统检测方法相比，具有省时、省力、费用低廉、便于携带、易于操作等优点，能用于重金属污染物的现场快速检测和常规检测，这对于重金属污染地区的补救和恢复工作具有很大的意义，因而发展和普及应用潜力很大。国外学者通过选择或合成双功能鳌合剂鳌合重金属离子并与载体蛋白偶联制备出完全抗原，进一步制备出金属特异性单抗。目前应用免疫学检测方法检测环境中的重金属离子还处于实验室的试验阶段，初步实验结果表明KinExA免疫检测法具有用作重金属免疫检测传感器的能力，并且越来越多的重金属检测模型被开发出来。金属特异性抗体一抗原的结合属性的初步研究表明，影响抗体对抗原识别的主要因素有：金属离子的半径、电子和形态上的并协性；鳌合剂的结构；金属离子一鳌合剂复合物三维结构和价态结构；抗体中的某些氨基酸残基能与抗原中金属离子直接配位以及与抗原中的鳌合剂部分发生相互作用（疏水作用、氢键作用等）。

Perspective in immunoassay of heavy metals contamination

Heavy metal immunoassays are new methods for metal ions detection. These assays have significant advantages compared to the instrument-intensively traditional methods. Immunoassays are of time-saving, labor-saving, cost-effective, reasonably portable,and simple to perform. It can be used for fast detection and regular monitoring of heavy metals, which have important significances for the remediation and restoration in heavy metal contaminated areas. So the potential of its development and prevalence is prodigious. By selecting or synthesizing bifuntional chelators, such as EDTA and DTPA derivatives, the antigen could be prepared by chelator chelating metals and covalently linking itself to protein. Finally the monoclonal antibody directed towards metal-chelate complexes could be generated. The detections for environmental metal ions by immunoassays were on the laboratorial stage. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that the ability of the KinExA instrument functioned as an immunosensor for environmental samples.Many prototype assays for metal ions have been developed. Preliminary experiments on the Metal-specificity antibody-antigen binding properties demonstrated that the main factors affecting antibody recognizing antigen were metal ion radii and its electronic and shape complementarity; the structure of the chelator; the three-dimensional and coordinate-geometric structure of the metal-chelate complexes; and some amino acid residues in the antibody involving both direct ligation between the antibody and the metal ion and interactioning between the antibody and the chelator.