三江平原沼泽湿地垦殖对蒸散量的影响

三江平原沼泽湿地大面积垦殖已对区域生态环境产生了明显影响.2005～2007年每年5～10月利用涡度相关系统对三江平原典型沼泽湿地、水稻和大豆田进行了观测,目的是阐明沼泽湿地垦殖为农田对地表水分蒸散的影响.结果表明,沼泽湿地垦殖前后潜热通量日变化均表现为单峰变化特征,但其最大值当湿地垦殖为水稻田后增加了14%～130%,当垦殖为大豆地后在2006年增加了3%～77%,而在2005年和2007年发生干旱时降低了25%～40%.植被叶面积指数差异是造成不同系统潜热通量日变化差异的主要原因.沼泽湿地垦殖为农田没有改变潜热通量的季节变化趋势,但是当垦殖为水稻田后潜热通量明显增加,5～10月水稻田日平均潜热通量较沼泽湿地增加了38%～53%,这主要是由于净辐射和叶面积指数增加所致.相比之下沼泽湿地垦殖为大豆地后潜热通量的变化与降水密切相关,土壤水分亏缺时降水量是控制大豆地水分蒸散的主要因子,这导致干旱的2005年和2007年大豆地日平均潜热通量较沼泽湿地减小了11%～17%,而在降水充沛的2006年大豆地蒸散量较沼泽湿地蒸散量增加了22%.生长季(6～9月)内水稻田总蒸散量较沼泽湿地增加了24%～51%,大豆地总蒸散量在2005年和2007年较沼泽湿地减少了19%～23%,而在2006年增加了19%.总之,三江平原沼泽湿地开垦种植水稻或大豆蒸散量发生明显变化.稻田潜热通量高于湿地;大豆田潜热通量在降水充沛的年份高于湿地,但在干旱年份则低于湿地.这与净辐射、叶面积指数和降水量等蒸散量主控因子的改变密切相关.

Evapotranspiration in the Sanjiang Plain

Extensive reclamation of marshland into cropland has had tremendous effects on the ecological environment in the Sanjiang Plain. Observations over marshland, rice paddy and soybean field were made with eddy covariance measuring systems from May to October in 2005, 2006 and 2007.The objective of this study was to identify the effects of the conversion of marshland to cropland on evapotranspiration in the Sanjiang Plain. The results showed that the diurnal variation curves of latent heat flux were single peaked in marshland, rice paddy and soybean field. The daily maximum latent heat flux increased by 14%-130% in rice paddy in the three measuring years, however, in soybean field, it increased by 3%-77% in 2006 but decreased by 25%-40% in 2005 and 2007 by comparison with that in marshland. This difference was due to the change of leaf area index when marshland was reclaimed into cropland. Seasonal change of latent heat flux was identical for the three land use types. Daily averaged latent heat flux of rice paddy, from May to October, showed 38%-53% increase compared with that of marshland, which resulted from the increase in net radiation and leaf area index. When marshland was reclaimed into soybean field, the variation of daily averaged latent heat flux depended primarily on precipitation. Precipitation was the main factor that controlled evapotranspiration over soybean field which was usually in condition of soil water deficit. Drought caused 11%-17% decrease of daily averaged latent heat flux over soybean field in 2005 and 2007, while sufficient precipitation caused 22% increase in 2006, comparing to marshland. Similarly, during the growing season from June to September, total evapotranspiration of rice paddy increased by 24%-51% compared with that of marshland, and the total evapotranspiration of soybean field decreased by 19%-23% in 2005 and 2007 and increased by 19% in 2006. It is concluded that the evapotranspiration changes significantly when the marshland was reclaimed into rice paddy or soybean field in the Sanjiang Plain. Compared to marshland, the evapotranspiration is higher in rice paddy and soybean filed with sufficient precipitation, while lower in soybean field under drought. These changes are found to be highly related to the variations of net radiation, leaf area index and precipitation.