基于"源""汇"景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价

土地利用类型及其格局能够影响非点源污染时空特征,而景观格局分析方法是评价非点源污染的重要技术手段,但是传统的景观格局指数较少考虑景观之间的位置关系,导致生态意义不明确.＂源＂＂汇＂景观格局理论中的＂源景观＂和＂汇景观＂指的是促进和阻碍非点源污染发生的景观类型.通过收集海河流域2009年夏季26个子流域的总氮浓度数据,并结合1∶25万DEM和1∶10万土地利用图,构建了融合景观类型、面积、空间位置等信息在内的源汇景观格局指数,发现源汇景观格局指数与总氮浓度有很好的相关性,在燕山山区、太行山区和下游平原区的相关系数分别为0.86、0.67和0.65.结果表明,源汇景观格局指数能够很大程度上反映总氮的空间变异特征,可以为其它流域的非点源污染评价提供参考,也有可能作为输入参数提高现有水质模型的模拟精度.

Correlating Landscape Pattern with Total Nitrogen Concentration Using a Location-weighted Sink-source Landscape Index in the Haihe River Basin, China

Understanding the effect of land cover pattern on nutrient losses is of great importance in management of water resources. The extensive application of mechanism models is limited in large-scale watersheds owing to the intensive data and calibration requirements. On the other hand, the traditional landscape indexes only take the areas and types of land cover into account, considering less about their topographic features and spatial patterns. We constructed a location-weighted landscape index (LWLI) based on the Lorenz curve, which plots the cumulative proportion of areas for sink and source landscapes respectively against cumulative proportion of their relative location to the outlet in a watershed, including relative elevation, distance and slope. We assessed the effect of land cover pattern on total nitrogen losses in the Haihe River. Firstly, 26 watersheds were derived from 1: 250 000 digital elevation model (DEM), and their "source" and "sink" landscape types were identified from Landsat TM images in 2007. The source" landscapes referred to the paddy land, dry land and residential area, correspondingly the "sink" landscapes referred to the forest and grassland. Secondly, LWLI was calculated according to the landscape types and spatial patterns for each watershed. Thirdly, we accessed the effect of land cover pattern on total nitrogen (TN) flux according to the value of LWLI, comparing with the area proportion of sink-source landscapes. The correlation coefficients were different in three parts of Haihe River, i. e., 0.86, 0.67 and 0.65 in the Yanshan Mts, Taihang Mts and lower Haihe River. The results showed strong correlations between TN and LWLI in contrast to the weak correlations between TN and area proportion of sink and source landscape types. This study indicates the spatial pattern of land cover is essential for accessing the nutrient losses, and the location-weighted landscape pattern analysis may be an alternate to existing water quality models, especially in large watershed scales. The sink-source index is sufficiently simple that it can be compared across watersheds and be easily interpreted, and potentially be used in landscape pattern optimal designing and planning.