北京市再生水相关政策的评估与研究

为缓解城市水资源供需矛盾,回收再利用市政污水日益得到广泛关注.北京市作为最早实践再生水利用的城市之一,其市政污水再利用率已达约60%.为更好地促进北京市再生水的推广与管理,明晰北京市再生水相关政策在发展过程中存在的优势与问题,本文采用环境政策评估、调查问卷、统计分析等方法,对北京市再生水相关政策的目标、政策要素及政策实施效果进行了解析与评估.结果表明,北京市以污水回用为主题的政策仅有3部,随着再生水发展阶段的演进,其目标经历了"处置废水-节约用水-设施建设-推广利用"的调整,再生水行动目标随着政策针对主题和发展阶段不同而表现差异;政策要素的优化改进与时代、社会经济发展程度、对生态环境的重视程度等3个因子息息相关,在顶层设计、功能设置、动机、手段分配等方面欠缺考虑;政策目标的科学化较受认可但其实践完成效果受到质疑,教育程度与收入对调查结果呈显著影响.

Policy evaluation and analysis on reclaimed wastewater reuse in Beijing

As an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between water resource supply and demand in cities, municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse have gained widespread attentions. As one of the earliest cities practicing wastewater reclamation and reuse in China, Beijing has achieved reuse about 60% of its municipal wastewater. In this study, the goals, policies and implementation efficiency of reclaimed water reuse in Beijing were investigated based on environmental policy evaluation, questionnaire, statistical analysis, with an aim at improving its scientific management and clarifying the advantages and problems of related policies. There were only three laws and regulations with regard to municipal sewage reuse and their targets were adjusted from disposal of waste water, water conservation, facilities construction, to promotion and utilization. The improvement and optimization of related policies were closely correlated with the age, level of social and economic development, and current ecological environment, but long-term consideration on top-level design, feature set, motivation and means of distribution lack. Science-oriented policy objectives were generally accepted but their practices were questioned. The investigation results were affected by the level of income and education.