基于生态地租的生态环境补偿理论建构及应用

生态环境补偿是自然资源和生态管理领域亟待解决的问题。以"资源稀缺-生态地租-生态环境补偿"为逻辑主线,通过阐述生态地租Ⅰ和生态地租Ⅱ的形成过程,并以生态地租分配为依据,相应地将生态环境补偿分为反映生态资源消耗的生态环境补偿Ⅰ和反映生产效率改善的生态环境补偿Ⅱ两部分,从而构建基于生态地租的生态环境补偿理论框架,提出生态环境补偿的新思路。结合生态足迹数据及投入产出表,测算得到中国1997-2007年每年经济生产中应支付的生态环境补偿Ⅰ的总额由2 781×10⁸元增加到9 900×10⁸元,生态环境补偿Ⅱ的总额由26 318×10⁸元增加到68 262×10⁸元。今后,我国只有支付足额的生态环境补偿费用用于生态环境治理和激励生态环境保护贡献者,才能确保生态资源可持续利用。在此基础上,分析了实现生态环境补偿Ⅰ和生态环境补偿Ⅱ的相关途径。

Theory Construction and Its Application to Ecological Environment Compensation Based on Ecological Land Rent

Ecological environment compensation is an urgent problem need to be resolved in the field of natural resource and ecological management. As a new idea, ecological land rent has enriched the methodology and theory of ecological environment compensation. Essentially, ecological land rent is excessive profits generated from scarcity of ecological resources, and the profits be used to pay for ecological environment compensation wouldn’t decrease the necessary income of social producers. So, it is a feasible way to perfect the theory and practice of ecological environment compensation based on ecological land rent.
Taking "resource scarcity-ecological land rent-ecological environment compensation" as logic route, discussing the formation process of ecological land rent I and ecological land rent Ⅱ, and according to allocation of ecological land rent, this paper distinguished ecological environment compensation I related to ecological resource consumption from ecological environment compensation Ⅱ related to improvement of production efficiency. And theoretical framework of ecological environment compensation based on ecological land rent was constructed and new idea of ecological environment compensation was put forward. Then, based on the data of ecological footprint and input-output table, the quantity of ecological environment compensation in per unit economy output of China was counted. The result shows, in China, during 1997 to 2007, the total ecological environment compensation I increased from 2781×10⁸ yuan to 9900×10⁸ yuan, and ecological environment compensation Ⅱ increased from 26318×10⁸ yuan to 68262×10⁸ yuan. This implied the serious condition of ecological environment protection and it is anxious to compensate ecological environment in China. In future, as the consumption of ecological resource increasing, the quantity of ecological environment compensation will increase at the same time. In order to ensure sustainable use of ecological resources, it is necessary to pay enough compensation fund to govern ecological environment and reward contributors of ecological environment protection. Accordingly, ecological environment compensation I will be used to cover scarcity of ecological resources and ecological environment compensation Ⅱ will be used to encourage producers to improve production efficiency and adopt advanced technologies.
The research of ecological environment compensation from the perspective of ecological land rent provides new ideas to make policies to resolve ecological problem. Finally, this paper suggests some ways to realize ecological environment compensation I and Ⅱ such as to establish ecological tax system, reform price mechanism of resource-based products and perfect incentive system of environment protection and so on.