不安全动作与不安全物态的判定方法探讨

根据事故致因"2-4"模型,人的不安全动作与物的不安全状态是事故发生的直接原因,但国内外学者关于二者的判定方法并未形成共识。为了寻找不安全动作与不安全物态科学的判定方法,首先,通过文献研究,综述了国内外学者对不安全动作、不安全物态的分类及定义;其次,从理论层面论述了不安全动作、不安全物态的判定方法;最后,以一起重大瓦斯爆炸事故为例对不安全动作及不安全物态的判定方法进行实证分析。结果表明,基于事故致因"2-4"模型的不安全动作和不安全物态判定方法有效。

Discussion and justification of the assessment methods of the unsafe acts and the unsafe conditions

The present paper is intended to make a discussion and justification between the assessment methods of the unsafe acts and the unsafe conditions according to the so-called 24Model for the causes that may lead to the accidents.It is well known that the direct causes of accidents are unsafe acts of people and unsafe conditions of the objective targets.Nevertheless,it is very difficult to arrive at an agreement on such an assessment method.It is just to overcome such a difficult problem that we have to make efforts and try to find scientific assessment methods of unsafe acts and the unsafe conditions,so as to make a summary on the identification,classification and definition of the reckless or unsafe acts and the objectively existing unsafe conditions through the theoreticat and documentary research.And,in so doing,we have had to give the definition of unsafe acts,the individual behaviors,such as one-time behaviors and habitual behaviors that include safety knowledge,safety awareness and safety habits.The so-called one-time behaviors should be regarded as the unsafe acts,or one-time unsafe behaviors.And,later,it would be possible for us to make a theoretical discussion over the discrimination methods of unsafe acts and the unsafe conditions theoretically.So far as we know,the unsafe or reckless acts or behaviors can be divided into unsafe operations,unsafe actions and unsafe commands.All kinds of unsafe acts or behaviors can be made justified by using the three assessment methods,that is,if it violates the objective operation conditions or it leads to any accident or not.If it does not violate the working condition and neither leads to any higher risk,it should be said that no violation is involved in for the case.It can be said that the unsafe acts can be divided into 9 types according to the above said three discrimition methods.For example,unsafe operations can be divided into violation operations,the accidental operations and the highly risk operations.In the production or transportation practice,it is possible to use regulations,standards,operating procedures to identify and determine the expectancy.If the unsafe acts violate the predefined or well prepared conditions,they should be categorized into the violation types of the unsafe acts.As for the unsafe acts that have indeed caused accidents but they do not violate the condition,they should be classified into the accidental types of unsafe acts.If the unsafe acts have neither violated the regulated conditions nor caused accidents,the acts can be categorized into the minor level risks according to the risk assessment theory.Unsafe conditions can also be divided into the violation condition,the accidental condition and the high-risk condition by the aforementioned three assessment methods,which refer to the assessment methods of unsafe acts.And,in turn,empirical analysis can be made on the assessment methods of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions based on a major gas explosion accident.Thus the results of our study tend to show that the assessment method based on 24Model of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions of the object is valid and valuable.