现代流域管理体系研究

现代流域管理体系是由流域目标管理体系、流域治理技术体系、流域监测预警体系、流域法律与政策保障体系和流域行政管理体系五部分组成. 对流域目标管理体系的概念、组成和功能进行了深入剖析,分析了水体健康目标、污染控制目标、生态保护目标和资源利用目标的基本内涵,明确了流域目标管理体系在现代流域管理中的核心地位和科学意义；阐述了流域治理技术体系的基本内容,分析了工业污染控制、生活污水控制、农业面源控制和生态修复等要求,指出为确保流域生态环境得以改善,必需构建实用的、科学的流域治理技术体系；明确了流域监测预警体系在现代流域管理体系中的“感知”作用,指出完整的监测预警体系应具备提供及时、准确、完整的监测数据的能力,健全的网络监测能力,良好的评估功能,以及完善的预警和应急能力；强调了法律与政策保障体系是实现现代流域管理的必要措施,着重指出加强流域立法、完善管理制度和制订适合的经济政策,不仅可以保障流域管理目标、治理技术和监测预警体系的顺利运行,而且为流域污染治理提供政策和经济上的支持；最后分析了目前流域管理中流域行政管理的“多龙治水”问题,指出流域区划管理和地区间协调管理的必要性和紧迫性. 我国流域管理仍在起步阶段,流域治理技术水平不高,监测预警能力有待提高,流域管理相关立法不够完善,因此必须从流域管理目标、流域治理和监测预警入手加强经济投入,鼓励技术创新,构建完善流域法律与政策保障体系,最终实现跨区域、协调的现代化流域管理. 

Research on Modern Watershed Management System

Modern watershed management is a multi-level and unified pollution control system covering watershed-region-pollution control unit-pollution source, which includes the watershed target management system, the watershed pollution control system, the watershed monitoring and the early warning system, the law and policy guaranteeing system and the watershed administration system. The watershed target management system is the core of watershed management; the definitions, connotations, main contents and functions of water body health target, pollution control target, natural ecology target, and scientific utilization target of modern watershed target management system were elaborated. The watershed pollution control system is a supporting system for modern watershed management; in order to improve the watershed ecological environment, a practical and scientific watershed pollution control system should be established. The watershed monitoring and the early warning system plays the roles of “perception”; and a complete system should possess capability of provision of timely, accurate and complete monitoring data, capability of network monitoring, capability of assessing, as well as capability of early warning and emergency response. The necessity of law and policy guaranteeing system was stressed for modern watershed management; to intensify watershed law making, to improve management regulation and to make proper economy policy could guarantee and support the smooth running of the watershed target system, watershed pollution control system and the watershed monitoring and early warning system. Finally the problem of “many dragons managing the same water separately”, in the other word, the separated management of the present watershed administration system was analyzed; the necessity and urgency of the watershed zoning management and regional coordination were pointed out. In China, watershed management is still at the beginning on stage, watershed pollution control, monitoring and early warning, as well as law and policy systems need to be much improved. Therefore, many works should be taken to the establishment of watershed target management, watershed pollution control, and monitoring and early warning systems; technology innovation should be encouraged, and law and policy guaranteeing system should be constructed; finally the cross-regional and coordinative modern watershed management would be realized.