粤深碳交易试点机制剖析及对国家碳市场建设的启示

广东和深圳是中国第一批碳交易试点地区,具有全国碳交易机制试验田的属性,研究粤深碳交易试点机制运行经验对全国碳市场建设有重要的借鉴意义。对广东和深圳碳交易机制的关键要素进行剖析与比较发现,两地碳交易机制在覆盖范围、配额总量、分配方案、MRV机制等方面有较大的不同。这些差异来源于两个方面:第一,碳交易机制的排放管理设计特点(覆盖范围、配额总量、分配方案、MRV机制)取决于地方的区位条件和政策目标。粤深经济规模和结构差异较大,由此导致两地碳交易机制的管理对象不同,管理对象的行业特征又决定了其他管理要素必然随之发生变化。第二,碳市场运行状态受碳排放管理要素的影响:当配额总量较紧、允许使用的碳抵消比例低、惩罚严苛时,碳市场交易相对活跃,更容易催生碳金融等衍生品市场。在对粤深碳交易机制的运行情况和特点进行深入分析后,得到如下启示:1配额有偿分配制度应循序渐进地实施,收紧配额总量是关键。应根据碳交易机制对不同行业竞争力的影响程度确定免费配额的比例;2分配给企业的配额量与节能考核目标衔接,保持相关环境管理政策的一致性,减少制度摩擦;3正确处理由产量变化和经济波动对配额分配带来的影响,保持配额分配标准的公平与统一;4稳定公众预期是促进碳交易机制正常运行的关键要素之一;5对未纳入碳交易机制的碳排放行为进行约束,有助于实现社会公平;6提高企业与第三方机构相关人员的专业技能水平,增强碳排放数据可靠性。

The key elements analysis of Guangdong & Shenzhen ETS & Tips for national ETS construction

The only joint effort area of provincial and municipal governments resides in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City in China's carbon emission trading system (ETS) pilots, which characterize the national carbon ETS plots.The present study on the operating experience from this area has important reference value for the national carbon ETS.Analysis and comparison of the key elements show many differences in coverage, total allowance, allowance allocation and MRV mechanism between Guangdong and Shenzhen carbon ETS.The present study provides the following explanation: ①The design characteristics of carbon ETS (e.g., coverage, total quotas, the allocation, MRV mechanism) depend on the local geographical conditions and policy goals.The differences of economic structure in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City result in different coverage, which then result in differences in other management elements.②The operating state of the carbon market is affected by carbon ETS overall design: in the case of tighter total allowance, lower proportion of CCER and harsher punishment, the carbon market is relatively active, which intends to produce carbon financial market.Based on deep analysis of operation characteristics of Guangdong and Shenzhen carbon ETS, the present study suggests that ① the allowance should be allocated freely at the beginning stage, and then gradually transited to the voluntary paid auction;② the allowances assigned to enterprises shall be linked up with their energy-saving objectives;③ the output fluctuations and economic influence on the allowance allocation should be properly handled to maintain the fairness and consistence of allowance allocation standards;④ stable public expectation is one of the key elements to maintain the regular operation of carbon ETS;⑤ constrained carbon emission behavior outside ETS can contribute to social justice;⑥the improvement of professional skills of relevant personnel in the enterprise and independent third party can enhance carbon emissions data reliability.