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The relationship between lead and cadmium levels and functional dependence among elderly participants |
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| Authors: | Chen Yuan-Yuei Wang Chung-Ching Kao Tung-Wei Wu Chen-Jung Chen Ying-Jen Lai Ching-Huang Zhou Yi-Chao Chen Wei-Liang |
| Affiliation: | 1.Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ;2.Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ;3.Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ;4.Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ;5.Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China ;6.Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ;7.School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China ;8.Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; |
| Abstract: | The adverse impacts of lead and cadmium exposure on health outcomes have been reported in the past. Few studies have been conducted on the relationship between lead and cadmium exposures and disability. We evaluated whether lead and cadmium exposures were associated with functional dependence including the total number of disabilities, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), lower extremity mobility (LEM), and general physical activities (GPA) in an elderly population. A total of 5513 eligible subjects were enrolled in the study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006. Serum lead and cadmium exposure assessments were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Functional dependence was assessed by 19 structured questions. The relationships between lead and cadmium exposures and functional dependence were investigated using by multivariable linear regression models. Q2, Q3, and Q4 of lead exposure were significantly associated with the total number of disabilities, with β coefficients of ??0.62 (95% CI ??0.99, ??0.24), ??0.64 (95% CI ??1.02, ??0.26), and ??0.81 (95% CI ??1.19, ??0.42), respectively. This relationship remained significant in males. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationships between lead and cadmium exposure quartiles and various functional dependence metrics, and we determined that lead content was significantly associated with decreased ADL, LEM, and GPA (p?p? |
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