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Influence of chlorination pH and chlorine dose on the formation of mutagenic activity and the strong bacterial mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-5(2H)-furanone (MX) in water |
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| Authors: | Peter Backlund Erik Wondergem Kees Voogd Ad de Jong |
| Affiliation: | 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi, Akademigatan 1, SF-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland 2National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilhoven, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Samples from two Dutch raw water sources were chlorinated in the laboratory at different pH:s and chlorine doses, and were analysed for mutagenic activity and the mutagenic compound 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX). Chlorination produced mutagenic activity as well as MX in both waters. The formation of MX was favoured by acidic reaction conditions and high chlorine doses, but in waters treated with excess chlorine at pH 9, no MX was detected. The mutagenicity was approximately on the same level after chlorination of both water types but the MX concentration was significantly higher in the water containing mainly humic material. MX was found to be quantitatively extracted from acidified waters by the XAD resin adsorption technique. |
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