Hydrochemistry of Wet Atmospheric Precipitation Over an Urban Area in Northern Indo-Gangetic Plains |
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Authors: | Kunwar P Singh Vinod K Singh Amrita Malik Neha Sharma Ramesh C Murthy Ranjan Kumar |
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Institution: | (1) Environmental Chemistry Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India |
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Abstract: | Rain water samples were collected to study the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation (first event) over the
Lucknow city in the northern Indo-gangetic alluvial plains. The samples were collected in the month of July, 2005 from different
sites. The wet precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, EC, major ions (, Cl−, , , , F−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, ) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Hg, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, V, Zn). The pH values of wet precipitation
samples ranged between 6.5 and 8.7. The analysis of linear regression applied to the set of studied variables and computation
of neutralization factors showed that neutralization occurred in precipitation samples and Ca2+ had the maximum neutralization capacity. It was found that Cl−, , Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ in the precipitation samples originated mainly from crustal/anthropogenic sources in the region. On an average Fe, and Al
accounted for >72% of the total concentration of trace metals in the wet precipitation samples followed by Zn (>10%). Enrichment
factors calculated for heavy metals over reference background level in seawater and Earth’s crust showed relatively higher
enrichment of Zn. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified the possible sources of ionic species and heavy metals
in the wet precipitation samples. |
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Keywords: | Wet precipitation Major ions Trace metals Composition Enrichment Principal component analysis |
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