Nitrogen- versus phosphorus-limited growth and sources of nutrients for coral reef macroalgae |
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Authors: | S T Larned |
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Institution: | (1) Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA Fax: +808 236-7443 e-mail: slarned@hawaii.edu, US |
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Abstract: | Recent investigations of nutrient-limited productivity in coral reef macroalgae have led to the conclusion that phosphorus,
rather than nitrogen, is the primary limiting nutrient. In this study, comparison of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen:phosphorus
ratio in the water column of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, with tissue nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in macroalgae from Kaneohe Bay suggested
that nitrogen, rather than phosphorus, generally limits productivity in this system. Results of nutrient-enrichment experiments
in a flow-through culture system indicated that inorganic nitrogen limited the growth rates of 8 out of 9 macroalgae species
tested. In 6 of the species tested, specific growth rates of thalli cultured in unenriched seawater from the Kaneohe Bay water
column were zero or negative after 12 d. These results suggest that, in order to persist in low-nutrient coral reef systems,
some macroalgae require high rates of nutrient advection or access to benthic nutrient sources in addition to nutrients in
the overlying water column. Nutrient concentrations in water samples collected from the microenvironments inhabited or created
by macroalgae were compared to nutrient concentrations in the overlying water column. On protected reef flats, inorganic nitrogen
concentrations within dense mats of Gracilaria salicornia and Kappaphycus alvarezii, and inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations in sediment porewater near the rhizophytic algae Caulerpa racemosa and C. sertularioides were significantly higher than in the water column. The sediments associated with these mat-forming and rhizophytic species
appear to function as localized nutrient sources, making sustained growth possible despite the oligotrophic water column.
In wave-exposed habitats such as the Kaneohe Bay Barrier Reef flat, water motion is higher than at protected sites, sediment
nutrient concentrations are low, and zones of high nutrient concentrations do not develop near or beneath macroalgae, including
dense Sargassum echinocarpum canopies. Under these conditions, macroalgae evidently depend on rapid advection of low-nutrient water from the water column,
rather than benthic nutrient sources, to sustain growth.
Received: 1 December 1997 / Accepted: 9 July 1998 |
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