Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden |
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Authors: | Adam Felton Urban Nilsson Johan Sonesson Annika M Felton Jean-Michel Roberge Thomas Ranius Martin Ahlström Johan Bergh Christer Björkman Johanna Boberg Lars Drössler Nils Fahlvik Peichen Gong Emma Holmström E Carina H Keskitalo Maartje J Klapwijk Hjalmar Laudon Tomas Lundmark Mats Niklasson Annika Nordin Maria Pettersson Jan Stenlid Anna Sténs Kristina Wallertz |
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Institution: | 1.Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre,SLU,Alnarp,Sweden;2.Skogforsk, Science Park,Uppsala,Sweden;3.Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies,SLU,Ume?,Sweden;4.Department of Ecology,SLU,Uppsala,Sweden;5.Department of Forestry and Wood Technology,Linnaeus University,V?xj?,Sweden;6.Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology,SLU,Uppsala,Sweden;7.Department of Forest Economics,SLU,Ume?,Sweden;8.Department of Geography and Economic History,Ume? University,Ume?,Sweden;9.SLU,Ume?,Sweden;10.Foundation Nordens Ark,Hunnebostrand,Sweden;11.Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences,Lule? University of Technology,Lule?,Sweden;12.Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies,Ume? University,Ume?,Sweden;13.Asa Research Station,SLU,Lammhult,Sweden |
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Abstract: | Whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. To provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. Here, we conduct such an assessment in Sweden by contrasting even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies)-dominated stands, with mixed-species stands of spruce and birch (Betula pendula or B. pubescens), or spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). By synthesizing the available evidence, we identify positive outcomes from mixtures including increased biodiversity, water quality, esthetic and recreational values, as well as reduced stand vulnerability to pest and pathogen damage. However, some uncertainties and risks were projected to increase, highlighting the importance of conducting comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluations when assessing the pros and cons of mixtures. |
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