A conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores |
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Authors: | Neil H. Carter José Vicente López-Bao Jeremy T. Bruskotter Meredith Gore Guillaume Chapron Arlyne Johnson Yaffa Epstein Mahendra Shrestha Jens Frank Omar Ohrens Adrian Treves |
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Affiliation: | 1.Human-Environment Systems Research Center,Boise State University,Boise,USA;2.Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA),Oviedo University,Mieres,Spain;3.School of Environment & Natural Resources,Ohio State University,Columbus,USA;4.Office of the Geographer and Global Issues,U.S. Department of State,Washington,USA;5.Department of Ecology, Grims? Wildlife Research Station,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Riddarhyttan,Sweden;6.Foundations of Success,Bethesda,USA;7.Department of Law,Uppsala University,Uppsala,Sweden;8.Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute,National Zoological Park,Washington,USA;9.Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies,University of Wisconsin–Madison,Madison,USA |
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Abstract: | The growing complexity and global nature of wildlife poaching threaten the survival of many species worldwide and are outpacing conservation efforts. Here, we reviewed proximal and distal factors, both social and ecological, driving illegal killing or poaching of large carnivores at sites where it can potentially occur. Through this review, we developed a conceptual social–ecological system framework that ties together many of the factors influencing large carnivore poaching. Unlike most conservation action models, an important attribute of our framework is the integration of multiple factors related to both human motivations and animal vulnerability into feedbacks. We apply our framework to two case studies, tigers in Laos and wolverines in northern Sweden, to demonstrate its utility in disentangling some of the complex features of carnivore poaching that may have hindered effective responses to the current poaching crisis. Our framework offers a common platform to help guide future research on wildlife poaching feedbacks, which has hitherto been lacking, in order to effectively inform policy making and enforcement. |
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