宋至清荆江南岸分流四口的演变

在历史时期荆江地区的经济开发与江湖关系的演变历程中，分流诸口是极其重要的影响因素。以宋至清的志书为主要资料，立足于历史学的实证方法，以今荆江南岸存在的4个分流穴口，即虎渡口、调弦口、藕池口和松滋口为主要对象，考察四口在宋元明清时期的分塞情况，并对今人存在的一些认识进行了辨析。其中，虎渡河的形成时间说法不一，南宋以后，虎渡口逐渐形成稳定分流。调弦口自元代大德年间开浚后时开时塞，直至清朝才基本保持分流，1958年调关设置后此口渐废。藕池口早在五代时即已存在，北宋以后湮塞，直至1852年藕池堤溃不筑，藕池河再次形成。松滋河则在1869年以前由于黄家埠堤溃决而形成。研究表明，宋代以降，四口的分塞情况较为复杂，因此，考察荆江穴口分流与湮塞的历史变迁，厘清以往的相关歧见，将有助于更正确、客观地理解今天的人地关系、江湖关系的格局及其走向。

BIFURCATION OF THE FOUR OPENINGS ON THE SOUTHERN BANK OF JINGJIANG RIVER：FROM SONG TO QING DYNASTY

The bifurcation of openings had always played a key role during the historical evolution of the Jingjiang area' economic development and Jingjiang Dongtinghu' relationship.Based on the related chorography and historical empirical methods，this paper examines the evolved bifurcation processes of Hudukou，Tiaoxiankou，Ouchikou and Songzikou，which are still on the southern bank of Jingjiang River from Song to Qing Dynasty.This paper also clarifies some ambiguous views on the four openings.There has been various views on the time when Hudu distributary started breaching.In Late Song Dynasty，Hudu distributary was breached stably from Jingjiang.Tiaoxiankou was opened at Yuan Dynasty，and since then it was periodically opened and silted.Tiaoxian distributary was breached during Qing Dynasty untill Tiaoxian Gate was built in 1958.Ouchi distributary was breached from Jingjiang in Five Dynasties，and it had been silted up since Northen Song.Ouchi distributary was breached from Jingjiang again in 1852 when the Ouchi Bank collapsed.Songzi distributary had been breached from Jingjiang because of the collapse of Huangjiabu Bank before 1869.The results indicate that there had been a complicated evolution of bifurcation of the four openings.Therefore，it is necessary to examine the bifurcation of the openings on both bank of Jingjiang and clarify the ambiguous views.It will help us get a better understanding of the relationship between man and land，between Jingjiang River and Dongtinghu Lake，their trends as well.