美国洛杉矶空气管理经验分析

过去35年间,洛杉矶的经济和人口持续增长、城市扩张,但是洛杉矶的空气污染水平得到了下降,在达到加利福利亚州和《清洁空气法》所规定的大气质量总体目标方面,有了长足的进步.期间起到重大作用的因素包括:①固定污染源和移动污染源气体污染物排放的控制技术和企业实践的巨大进步.②联邦、州和地区的清洁空气政策的发展.③强有力的专门负责清洁空气政策的监督和执行行政机构的设立.④公众压力.⑤从信任政府运用命令与控制手段到利用激励手段和市场手段完成许多政策目标(包括空气污染控制)的变革.同时,该地区的人口还在持续增长,经济继续繁荣扩张,意味着将产生更多的空气污染物,尤其是来自移动污染源的污染物.另外,在公众不太支持加强政府力量或增加税收的形势下,要求政策制定者解决空气污染的问题或大幅度改变洛杉矶居民的生活方式.

Achieving Air Quality: the Los Angeles Experience

During the past thirty-five years the Los Angeles region of California, USA,has appreciably reduced its level of air pollution in the face of a growing population and expanding economy.It has moved a long ways toward meeting the rigorous ambient air quality goals set by the State of California and the United States Clean Air Act,and is a leading example of the importance of the metropolitan-based approach to emissions reduction being pursued in the United States today.Key political,economic,cultural,and technological factors have combined to bring about the reduction.The subject of this report is nature of these factors and how they have evolved,and the continuing challenges to improving the region's air quality.Playing an important role has been the significant improvements in stationary and mobile air emissions control technology and business practices;the development of demanding clean air policy at the national,state,and regional level;and, the creation of a strong regional administrative agency with the task of monitoring and implementing clean air policy.Little progress in cleaning the region's air would have occurred absent the unrelenting pressure by the public to do so. The Los Angeles region is under substantial pressure to achieve even further air emission reduction,especially with respect to today's prominent pollution "hot-spots".Meanwhile,the region's population continues to grow and the economy to thrive and expand,with all this implies for the generation of greater levels of overall mobile source air emissions.Thus,despite the impressive accomplishments in reversing the trends in air emissions in the region over the past three decades,the struggle for better air quality continues.