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Effects of a catalytic converter on PCDD/F, chlorophenol and PAH emissions in residential wood combustion |
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| Authors: | Kaivosoja T Virén A Tissari J Ruuskanen J Tarhanen J Sippula O Jokiniemi J |
| Institution: | a Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden b Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Environment, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway c Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark d Innovation Center Iceland, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Keldnaholti, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland e Marine Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland f Norwegian Polar Institute, FRAM Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway g Museum of Natural History, Fútalág 40, FO-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands h Environment Agency, Pob, 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands |
| Abstract: | Temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hisida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). The sampling spanned over 20 years (1984-2009) and covered a large geographical area of the North Atlantic and West Greenland. Liver and muscle samples were homogenized, extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using hexane and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the levels of the long-chained PFCAs (C9-C12) increased whereas the levels of PFOS remained steady over the studied period. The PFOS isomer pattern in pilot whale liver was relatively constant over the sampling years. However, in ringed seals there seemed to be a decrease in linear PFOS (L-PFOS) with time, going from 91% in 1984 to 83% in 2006. |
| Keywords: | Marine mammals PFSAs PFCAs Structural isomers Temporal variations |
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