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Application of the TNO multi-energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang methods to predict hydrogen explosion effects from small-scale experiments
Institution:1. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China;1. Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Explosive Materials and Technology of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China;2. Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;3. School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China;4. Postdoctoral Mobile station of Mineral Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China;5. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University Science and Technology (YunTech), 123, University Rd. Sec. 3, Douliou, 64002, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC;1. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain;2. Laboratorio Oficial J.M. Madariaga (LOM), Madrid, Spain;1. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China;2. School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China;3. Center for Process Safety and Industrial Disaster Prevention, School of Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan;1. CSE Center of Safety Excellence (CSE-Institut), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 9, 76327, Pfinztal, Germany;2. University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract:Analytical models or abacus are of importance to predict explosion effects in open and congested areas for industrial safety reasons. The goal of this work is to compare overpressure and flame speed values of small-scale deflagration experiments to predicted values from the TNO multi-energy (TNO ME) method and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method. Experiments were performed in cylindrical congested volumes of hydrogen – air mixtures varying from 1.77 L to 7.07 L. The reactivity was controlled by the equivalence ratio of hydrogen-air mixtures, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. The congestion was realized with varying numbers of grid layers and configurations. The influence of the obstacle density and the importance of the mixture reactivity to choose the strength index in order to predict the effects of an explosion has been highlighted for the TNO ME method. Predictive flame speed values from the BST method are in accordance with almost half of the experimental results and the method is conservative in most tested configurations. The use of the TNO ME method has been validated on a small-scale experiment to predict maximal overpressures generated by the deflagration of medium and large-scale H2/air clouds.
Keywords:Deflagration  Congestion  Hydrogen  BST method  Multi-energy method  Flame acceleration
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