Methodological trends in the design of recent microenvironmental studies of personal CO exposure |
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| Institution: | 1. Clinical Trials Research Unit, Division of Population Health, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK;2. Health and Care Research Unit, Division of Population Health, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK;3. Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK;4. Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK;1. Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Stockholm University, ACES, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;3. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;5. University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;6. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, MC 8201R, Washington, DC 20460, USA;7. Université de Paris, Inserm Unit 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France;8. RWTH Aachen University Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-aachen Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany;9. Liverpool John Moores University, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;10. Muséum National d''Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) UMR 7221 (CNRS/MNHN), 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France;11. Danish Technical University, FOOD, Kemitorvet 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;12. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands;13. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Pesticide Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;14. German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany;15. Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences – IRAS, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;p. Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;q. National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD:K2-12, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;r. Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;s. University of Milan, Department of Oncology, Via S. Sofia, 9/1, 20122 Milan, Italy;t. IEO European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy;u. BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands;v. Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands;w. CHEM Trust, 34b York Way, London N1 9AB, UK;x. Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands;y. Ministry of the Environment, Japan, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8975, Japan;z. Örebro University, Department of Science and Technology, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden;11. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;1. Pennsylvania State University, College of Education, Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, 333 CEDAR Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States;2. University of Nevada-Las Vegas, College of Education, Educational Psychology and Higher Education, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box 453003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3003, United States;3. UTSA, Department of Educational Psychology, 501 César E. Chávez Blvd., DB 4.330, San Antonio, TX 78207-4415, United States;1. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, 3004, Australia;2. Department of Environmental Health, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China;3. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia;4. Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and Evaluation, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia;5. Ingham Institute for Applied Medial Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia;6. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia;7. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia;8. Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany;9. Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, 80336, Germany;10. Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China;11. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China;12. Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China;1. Grupo de Investigación en Gestión y Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla (Atlántico), Colombia;2. Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Urabá, Apartadó (Antioquia), Colombia;3. Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Costeros – PlayasCorp, Santa Marta (Magdalena), Colombia |
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| Abstract: | This paper describes the designs of three recent microenvironmental studies of personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) from motor vehicle exhaust. These studies were conducted sequentially, first in four California cities (Los Angeles, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and San Francisco), then in Honolulu, and, most recently, in metropolitan Washington, D.C. Though study purposes differed, each study faced common methodological issues related to personal exposure monitors (PEMs), quality assurance and data collection procedures, and the selection of microenvironments for study.Two major objectives of the California cities study were to determine the CO concentrations typically found in commercial settings and to define and classify microenvironments applicable to such settings: The Honolulu study measured merchant exposure to CO in shopping centers attached to semienclosed parking garages during business hours and commuter exposure to CO in vehicles (passenger cars and buses) on congested roadways during peak periods. The intent of the Washington study was to develop a model of commuter exposure to motor vehicle exhaust using CO as an indicator pollutant.Certain trends are discernible from reviewing the three studies. There are clearly trends in PEM development that have expanded instrument capabilities and automated data collection and storage. There are also trends towards more rigorous quality assurance procedures and more standardized protocols for collecting exposure data. Further, one can see a trend towards more elaborate indicators for identifying microenvironments for study. Finally, there is a trend towards using personal monitors in public policy review and evaluation. |
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