合肥市夏季大气颗粒物中微生物群落的高通量测序分析

大气颗粒物的组分、来源和时空变化特征等方面已进行了广泛的研究，但对占大气颗粒物25%的生物气溶胶中细菌和真菌等微生物群落的研究较少.本文使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和离子色谱仪（IC）分别测定了大气颗粒物中痕量元素和水溶性离子的含量，并结合高通量测序和荧光定量PCR分析了合肥市7~9月大气颗粒物PM_1.0、PM_2.5和PM₁₀中微生物群落组成及其来源.结果表明，不同粒径下细菌群落多样性无显著差异（ANOVA，P>0.05），雨天细菌和真菌群落多样性均高于晴天，所有样品中细菌群落多样性均显著高于真菌群落多样性（ANOVA，P<0.01）；大气中细菌的优势菌门为变形菌门（46.19%）、厚壁菌门（33.42%）、拟杆菌门（10.99%）、蓝藻门（3.33%）和放线菌门（2.11%），真菌的优势菌门为子囊菌门（73.23%）、担子菌门（5.78%）、被孢霉菌门（3.41%）和毛霉门（0.10%）；通过分析潜在源环境的指示物种，发现土壤、植物叶片和动物粪便是合肥市大气中细菌群落的主要来源，真菌群落的主要来源是植物叶片和土壤；细菌群落主要受K、Pb、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na⁺、NO₂^-和风速（WS）影响，而真菌群落的主要影响因素是V、Mn、Sr、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、Na⁺、Cl^-、空气质量指数（AQI）和PM₁₀；此外，在细菌和真菌群落分析中鉴定到了不动杆菌属、链球菌属、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、代夫特菌属、沙雷氏菌属、木霉属、链格孢属和曲霉属等9种致病菌，它们可以导致人类和其它生物的多种疾病.本文的研究结果有助于揭示大气微生物的各种特性及其影响因素，以及对人类健康的影响，对后续研究和政府相应政策的制定具有重要的参考价值.

High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of Microbial Communities in Summertime Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Hefei City

The composition, physical and chemical properties, sources, and temporal and spatial changes in airborne particulate matter have been extensively investigated in previous studies. However, less is known about bioaerosols, which are mainly composed of bacteria and fungi and constitute up to 25% of the total airborne particulate matter. In this study, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography to determine the concentrations of trace elements and water-soluble ions in atmospheric particulates, respectively. These analyses were combined with high-throughput sequencing methods and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze the microbial compositions in PM_1.0, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ samples, which were collected from July to September in Hefei City. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the bacterial community diversity across the three size fractions (analysis of variance (ANOVA), P>0.05). The bacterial and fungal community diversities on sunny days were lower than those on rainy days, and the bacterial community diversity in all samples was significantly higher than the fungal community diversity (ANOVA, P<0.01). The predominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (46.19%), Firmicutes (33.42%), Bacteroidetes (10.99%), Cyanobacteria (3.33%), and Actinobacteria (2.11%). Ascomycota (73.23%), Basidiomycota (5.78%), Mortierellomycota (3.41%), and Mucoromycota (0.10%) were the dominant fungal phyla. Our results indicated that soils, plant leaves, and animal feces were the dominant sources of airborne bacterial communities in Hefei City, and the main sources of the fungal communities were plant leaves and soils. The bacterial community was mainly affected by K, Pb, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na⁺, NO₂^-, and wind speed, and the main influencing factors of the fungal community were V, Mn, Sr, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, Na⁺, Cl^-, the air quality index, and PM₁₀. In addition, nine specific bacteria and fungi that are linked to human health risks were identified, including Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Delftia, Serratia, Trichoderma, Alternaria, and Aspergillus, which can lead to a wide range of diseases in humans and other organisms. The research results are helpful for revealing the various characteristics of airborne microbial communities, their influencing factors, and their impacts on human health, and are an important reference for subsequent research and the formulation of government policies.