Assessment of the effects of municipal sewage,immersed idols and boating on the heavy metal and other elemental pollution of surface water of the eutrophic Hussainsagar Lake (Hyderabad,India) |
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Authors: | M Vikram Reddy K Sagar Babu V Balaram M Satyanarayanan |
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Institution: | (1) Departamento Biologia Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, C/J. Claveria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;(2) Centro Nacional Patagonico (CONICET), Bvd. Brown s/n, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina;(3) Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia S. Juan Bosco, Bvd. Brown s/n, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina; |
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Abstract: | The surface water qualities of Hussainsagar, an eutrophic urban lake in the midst of twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad
(India) receiving large quantities of external inputs—both untreated municipal sewage containing industrial effluents, and
treated sewage, a large number of annually immersed idols of God and Goddess, and intense boating activities were assessed
in relation to the concentration of elements including heavy metals of the water along the necklace road of the lake. Elemental
analyses of water using ICP-MS revealed 26 elements including heavy metals—As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Ba, Zn, Mo,
V, Co, Ag, Sr, Rb, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Si, Sb, Na, Li, and B, in the surface water of the lake. Of these, the first 15 elements
were found in elevated concentrations in the water at the outfall point of the untreated municipal sewage (site 3), which
was the main dominating source of contamination of the lake water while Cu and Sb were recorded in higher concentrations at
the outfall of treated effluent from Sewage Treatment Plant, and three elements (Ba, Si, and B) were in higher concentration
at the sites of outfall of sewage flowing from an oxygenated pond (site 4), Ca, Zn, and Sr, at the site immersed with idols
(site 1), and Pb, Ag, and Al at the center of the lake (site 5) with intense boating activities. Concentrations of most of
these elements exceeded the maximum permissible limits of national (Indian Council Medical Research) standards for drinking
water. The concentrations of most of the elemental contaminants showed significant positive correlations between them. |
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