上海市电镀企业周边地表水中全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)的污染特征

电镀是全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)污染的主要来源之一. 目前关于电镀企业周边地表水中的PFASs污染特征报道较为缺乏. 为了解上海市电镀企业周边地表水中PFASs的污染特征与生态风险水平，选取全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)、全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)、磺酸调聚物以及1-氯-全氟烷基醚磺酸钾(F-53B)等26种典型PFASs为对象，调查其在上海市电镀企业周边地表水中的污染特征，探讨其污染来源并开展初步的生态风险评估. 结果表明:上海市电镀企业周边地表水中∑PFASs浓度范围为93.3~1 334 ng/L，其中大部分地表水中∑PFASs浓度小于300 ng/L，污染最严重的地表水分布于金山区，∑PFASs浓度是背景值的14.8倍. 地表水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)为普遍的主要污染物，其次为短链PFCAs和PFSAs. 1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛烷磺酸钠(6∶2 FTS)和F-53B也普遍存在于地表水中，但只在少数地表水中具有较高浓度，尤其是F-53B，其中金山区采样点浓度高达968 ng/L，主要与镀铬业务有关. 这表明短链PFCAs和PFSAs、PFOA、6∶2 FTS及F-53B等均可能已应用于电镀领域. 据污染源特征分析，地表水中PFASs除了受电镀行业的污染外，同时还可能来源于表面处理工业、前体化合物生物降解等. 初步的生态风险评估结果表明，上海市大部分电镀企业周边地表水中生态风险较低，但个别镀铬企业周边地表水中F-53B污染可能产生高生态风险. 研究显示，上海市电镀企业周边地表水中存在一定程度的PFASs污染，污染水平与特征差异较大；其中PFOA是电镀企业周边地表水中普遍存在的主要污染物，但生态风险较低；而F-53B在个别采样点中具有高残留、高生态风险，需加强污染防控. 

Pollution Characteristics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Adjacent Surface Water of Electroplating Industries in Shanghai

Electroplating industry is one of the main sources for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). At present, there are few reports on PFASs pollution characteristics in surface water around electroplating enterprises. In order to understand the pollutant characteristics and potential ecological risk levels in the surface water around electroplating enterprises in Shanghai, 26 typical PFASs including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), sulfonic acid telomeres and potassium 1-chloro-perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (F-53B), were analyzed. The pollution characteristics, source analysis and ecological risk of PFASs were further investigated. The results show that the concentration of ∑PFASs ranged from 93.3-1334 ng/L in the surface water, and ∑PFASs were less than 300 ng/L in most surface water. The most contaminated area was located in Jinshan, where the concentration of ∑PFASs was 14.8 times the background value. The concentration of ∑PFASs was comparable to those of surface water around electroplating enterprises in Guangdong; chemical industry park and airports in Shanghai; and Huangpu River except for a few sampling points; higher than those of the Yellow River and Pearl River with non-potential pollution sources. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the main pollutant in almost all surface water, followed by short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs. It indicates that short-chain PFCAs, PFSAs and PFOA were used in electroplating. While 1H,1H,2H,2H- sodium perfluorooctane sulfonate (6∶2 FTS) and F-53B were ubiquitous in surface water, but there were only a few with high concentration, especially F-53B concentration was 968 ng/L in the sample site of Jinshan due to chrome plating business. Although perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was prevalent in surface water, the concentration was lower than perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), with the average concentration of 5.89 ng/L; which showed PFOS should be partly substituted by the two alternatives. All sampling points were divided into five categories with different pollution characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PFASs indicates that PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFOA and F-53B were the main pollutants with a contribution rate of 35.7%. Spearman correlation analysis showed that PFBS and PFHxS were positively correlated with most PFCAs, indicating that highly relevant PFASs might come from similar sources. F-53B showed positive correlation with PFHpS, PFOS, 6∶2 FTS, which could be released from similar sources, such as chrome plating. According to the characteristics analysis of pollution source, PFASs came not only from electroplating industry, but also from surface treatment industries and biodegradation of precursor compounds. Preliminary ecological risk assessment shows that there is low ecological risk to most surface water, but it exhibits high ecological risk to the surface adjacent a few chrome-plating enterprises with high concentration of F-53B. The research showed that there was pollution in the surface water around electroplating enterprises in Shanghai with different level and characteristics. PFOA was a main pollutant in most surface water, but with low ecological risk. However, there was high F-53B residue and ecological risk in a few sampling sites. It is necessary to strengthen pollution prevention and control.