反食物损失和浪费：日本经验与镜鉴

中国食物浪费问题严重,对粮食安全及资源环境构成重大挑战。新出台的《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》开启了食物系统节流战略的顶层设计,而具体可操作的落地机制亟待探寻。研究通过政策归纳总结、趋势统计、对比分析等方法,参考日本官方网站发布的第一手资料,从法律演进、政策目标、机构职能、监测体系、国民行动等方面梳理了日本减少食物浪费的做法。研究指出：日本通过扩大生产者责任、制定食物系统节流目标、构建食物损失监测和核算体系、开展多部门协作,形成了较为完善的反食物浪费政策保障体系。基于日本经验的启示,凝练出中国未来反食物损失和浪费的政策路径与对策：食物安全理念应由增产导向转为开源、节流双向发力;增强法律的针对性和约束性;开展跨部门协作机制,全环节减少粮食浪费;构建食物损失和浪费监测核算体系,分行业分对象设计节流目标。

Anti-food loss and waste: Japanese experience and insights

Food waste is a serious problem in China, which poses great challenges to food security, resources and the environment. The development of the top-level waste-reduction strategy for guaranteeing food security has commenced with the newly issued Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China and the Action Plan on Saving Food. However, the specific operational mechanism now needs to be explored urgently. Through information obtained from official websites of Japanese ministries and commissions and relevant policy documents, this paper summarizes Japan's food waste reduction practices from the aspects of laws, regulations, policy objectives, operational mechanism, monitoring system and national actions, and makes a comparative analysis of China's current food waste reduction actions. It is pointed out that Japan has formed an effective food waste reduction guarantee system. The country expanded producer responsibility, established targets for waste-reduction at different stages, created a monitoring and accounting system, and carried out cross-sectoral cooperation and national actions to reduce food waste. However, in Japanese farms, there is less concern with food loss and waste, participation in the system is voluntary and there is a lack of binding incentive schemes. This paper puts forward the following policy suggestions: the concept of food safety should shift from increasing production to both increasing production and reducing consumption; make laws more targeted and binding; develop cross-sectoral collaboration mechanisms to reduce food waste at all levels; establish a food loss and waste monitoring and accounting system, and set industry specific targets.