基于入户称重调研的居民春节食物消费和浪费特征

节庆期间食物消费是中国居民食物消费的重要组成,但目前缺乏对其特征结构的精准刻画。本文利用大学生网络,于2018年春节期间实地入户称重调研,获得连续3天192户1728餐居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,定量分析居民春节期间食物消费与浪费的结构和特征。研究结果表明：（1）春节期间,人均食物消费量为541.05 g/(人·餐),浪费量为30.72 g/(人·餐),浪费率为5.68%,高于非节庆时期3个百分点。（2）食物消费多为生鲜食品与平日不会每日购买的“奢侈品”,以蔬菜（21.73%）、肉类（17.77%）、大米（12.45%）、水果（8.39%）和水产类（7.88%）为主。食物浪费结构与食物消费结构相似,以蔬菜（26.20%）、肉类（21.58%）、大米（16.34%）、水产类（11.78%）和酒水（8.43%）为主。（3）春节期间,不同人口规模的家庭食物消费水平差异显著,城乡家庭、不同收入及不同人口规模的家庭食物浪费水平具有显著差异。农村家庭人均食物消费量和浪费量均高于城市家庭;经济水平高和人口规模小的家庭食物消费和浪费量更高。研究结果定量刻画了中国居民春节期间的食物消费特征,为中国《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》中食物浪费的监测评估提供数据支撑,具有重要借鉴意义。

Household food consumption during the Spring Festival based on household tracking and direct-weighing survey

Festival food consumption is an important part of Chinese residents' food consumption, but it lacks accurate characterization of its characteristic structure at present. Based on the student network, this study obtained first-hand data of food consumption of 1728 meals of 192 Chinese households in 13 provincial-level regions through on-site 3-day tracking and direct-weighing method during the Spring Festival in 2018. The study quantitatively analyzed the structure and characteristics of household food consumption and food waste of Chinese residents during the traditional festival of family union for the first time. The results showed that: (1) During the festival, the per capita food consumption was 541.05 g/(cap·meal), and the per capita food waste was 30.72 g/(cap·meal). The per capita food waste rate of residents was 5.68%, much higher than that of the non-festival period by 3%. (2) Most of the food consumption was fresh food and luxury items that are not bought on a daily basis. Vegetables (21.73%), meat (17.77%), rice (12.45%), fruits (8.39%) and aquatic products (7.88%) were the main items. The structure of food waste was similar to that of food consumption, with vegetables (26.20%), meat (21.58%), rice (16.34%), aquatic products (11.78%) and alcohol (8.43%) as the main components. (3) During the festival, there are significant differences in food consumption among families of different population sizes and there are significant differences in food waste among different regions and groups. The amount of food consumption and waste per capita in rural households is higher than that in urban households. Food consumption and waste amounts are higher in households with higher income and smaller population sizes. The results of this study quantitatively outlet the characteristics of food consumption behavior of Chinese residents during the Spring Festival, which provides references for the monitoring and evaluation of food waste in the implementation of the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China.