全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对家蚕大造的生态毒性

以中国本地家蚕品种大造作为受试生物,实现实验室规模化饲料饲养和初步实验动物化;建立家蚕大造环境危害评价急性毒性测试方法;对4种PFOS替代品包括:50%的全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂、用调聚法合成的织物三防整理剂(含固率23.7%)、用电解氟化法合成的C4和C6织物三防整理剂,进行了急性接触毒性、急性饲喂毒性及慢性饲喂毒性的安全风险评价。实验使用的4种PFOS替代品试验急性饲喂浓度均达到或超过2000mg·L-1,家蚕未出现明显死亡;在接触实验浓度达到10g·L-1时,家蚕未出现明显死亡,以上结果证明,4种PFOS替代品对大造蚕种的急性饲喂毒性和接触毒性均为低毒。较低浓度的表面活性剂会严重影响到大造蚕种的结茧率,当表面活性剂浓度为0.4g·kg-1时,蚕种不能结茧,其余3种化学品在浓度大于0.004g·kg-1,对大造蚕种的结茧率产生一定的影响作用,但抑制作用相对较为平缓。替代品均会降低家蚕茧层率,表面活性剂在浓度为0.04g·kg-1时,茧层率剧烈下降,其他3种替代品抑制作用相对平缓。织物三防整理剂、C4和C6织物三防整理剂几乎不会影响蚕卵孵化,但表面活性剂会造成家蚕孵化率降低,在0.04g·kg-1后孵化率为0。

Ecotoxicity of Alternatives of PFOS on Bombyx mori (Strain Dazao)

Bombyx mori (Strain Dazao) was exposed to four alternatives of PFOS to test the toxic effects of these chemicals. Bombyx mori (Strain Dazao) was maintained in our laboratory as experimental animal and was fed with forage under laboratory conditions. Methods evaluating toxicity of chemicals to Bombyx mori (Strain Dazao) were built. Bombyx mori didn't appear obvious death until the acute feeding concentration was up to 2 000 mg·L^-1, and contacting concentration was up to 10 g·L^-1. Both the contact and the acute oral toxicity results suggested that the four tested chemicals had low toxicity to Bombyx mori. Low concentration of surfactant would have serious negative effect on the cocooning rate of Bombyx mori which decreased to 0 at 0.4 g·kg^-1 of surfactant. The other three chemicals influenced on the pupal rate at 0.004 g·kg^-1, while the inhibitory effects were smaller than that of the surfactant. All these chemicals influenced on the cocoon layer ratio. The cocoon layer ratio fell sharply at 0.04 g·kg^-1 of surfactant, while the influences of other three chemicals on cocoon layer ratio were smaller than that of the surfactant. The surfactant also significantly influenced the hatching rate of Bombyx mori in the chronic feeding experiment. The hatching rate would decrease to 0 at 0.04 g·kg^-1 of surfactant while other three chemicals had little influence on the hatching rate.