Fluoride distribution in the environment along the gradient of a phosphate-fertilizer production emission (southern Brazil) |
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Authors: | Nicolai Mirlean Ari Roisenberg |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Geosciences, FURG, Av. Italia, km-08, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, 96201-900, RS, Brazil;(2) Institute of Geosciences, UFRGS, P. B. 15001, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil |
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Abstract: | Airborne fluoride was determined in the rainwater, surface soil and groundwater along a gradient of emission of a phosphate fertilizer factory in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Concentrations of fluoride in rainwater and groundwater achieved 3 mg l−1 and 5 mg l−1, respectively, and were dependent on pH. The fluoride deposited from emissions accumulated in a superficial horizon of soil in quantities comparable to those in the manufactured end-products—up to 23,000 mg kg−1. Fluoride distribution in the environment is controlled by physical–chemical parameters of emission, rain intensity and soil properties. The highest fluoride concentrations were registered at a close distance of up to 2 km from the factory. The distribution of fluoride in groundwater resembled the same distribution in rainwater due to the high permeability of the local soils. Fluoride penetration to the groundwater also depended on the type of vegetation cover. The groundwater in woodland areas was less affected by contamination of fluoride than in the grassland areas, most probably because of the influence of eucalyptus throughfall, which increases the pH of wet precipitates. |
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Keywords: | Airborne fluoride Groundwater Phosphate fertilizer Rainwater Soil Vegetation cover |
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