全球稀土贸易的资源环境净效益与公平性

为解决稀土资源贸易的资源环境不公平问题，结合生命周期评价方法与成本效益分析方法，核算了稀土资源产品国际贸易中所有国家的实际资源环境净效益，并判断未来国际制造业的三大主要发展趋势带来的影响.结果表明，2018年稀土资源产品国际贸易的实际资源环境净效益高达85亿美元，主要贡献来自于稀土原材料产品.未来国际制造业的发展格局下，尽管绿色发展与气候目标政策会降低17%的净效益，但依然是改善资源环境不公平问题的关键政策路径；产业链转移重构政策会减少11%的净效益，加剧经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题；新兴制造业发展政策会增加76%的净效益，但经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题依然较为严峻.

Analysis on the resource-environment net benefit and equity in the global trade of rare earth

To solve the inequity of resource and environment in rare earth resource products trade, this research evaluated the actual net benefits in resource and environment of all countries involved using Life Cycle Assessment combined with Cost-Benefit Analysis. This paper also assessed the impacts of trending developments in the global manufacturing industry under three main scenarios. Results show that in 2018 the actual net benefits reached 8.5billion dollars, mainly contributed by trading raw materials of rare earth. Under future scenarios, policies associated with green development and climate change goals are estimated to reduce net benefits by 17%, whereas they remain the predominant policy path for solving the inequity problem. The transfer and reconstruction of global industrial chains lead to an 11% decrease in net benefits, meanwhile exacerbating the inequity issue in low-income countries. Developments in the emerging manufacturing industry increase net benefits by 76% while leaving the severe inequity situation in low-income countries unresolved.