美国防洪政策演变

回顾了近３００年来美国防洪战略转移的历史进程。美国陆军工程兵团曾根据国家防洪与发展航运的需要,实施“堤防万能”的防洪政策,然而,１９２７年的大洪水冲毁了“堤防万能”的神话,迫使国会通过１９２８年的防洪法,进行水库、行洪区、分洪区与堤防协调防洪。随着联邦洪水及其它灾害救济费用的不断攀升,促使美国颁布１９６８年的洪水保险法与１９７３年的洪水灾害防御法,实行洪水风险区划与土地利用规划,以减轻洪水灾害。１

The historical development of flood control policy in U.S.A.

The historical development of flood control during the past three centuries in U.S.A. is reviewed. Based on the results of the investigation, the U.S. A. Army corps of Engineers advocated construction of a series of massive levees aimed at promoting navigation and flood control along the streams and rivers. This"levees -only"policy became flood prevention policy for most of the nation's major river basins. However, the flood of 1927 swept away the myths about the utility of "levess-only" policy. The Mississippi Flood Control Act of 1928, marked a major shift in policy, authorized the construction of dam and flood storage projects, channel improvements and flood ways. The escalating financial burden of flood and other dis- aster relief are strong stimulants for the implementation of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and the National Flood Disaster Defense Act of 1973 to advocated land-use planning and flood zoning to protect against flood disasters. The Great Mid-west Flood of 1993 urged the formulation of a more comprehensive and coordinate approach in protecting and managing human and natural systems to ensure economic and ecological sustainable development.