塔式起重机安全性研究与展望

塔式起重机作为建筑施工的重要象征与主要运输机械,在建筑业得到了广泛应用;它的工作特点是,根据建筑需要将物品在很大空间内升降和搬运,属危险作业,因此,如果在塔式起重机的设计,制造、安装、使用和维修等环节上略有疏忽,就可能造成人员伤亡和设备事故,在实际工作中,如何提高塔式起重机的本质安全,如何合理地使用和管理好塔式起重机,让塔式起重机更好地发挥作用,是建筑业亟待解决的难题之一,本简述了塔式起重机的发展历史,分析了塔式起重机的安全现状,提出了塔式起重机安全问题的对策,展望了塔式起重机安全性技术的发展趋势。

A REVIEW OF TOWER CRANE SAFETY

In the present paper, the development of the tower crane home and abroad is briefly reviewed and the state of the art of the safety of tower crane is analyzed. Tower crane accidents are classified according to the structures of tower crane and the causes of accidents, based on the three year statistics of accidents in eight cities in China.The classified results show that the percentage of toppling accident is the highest,which is 52% (Table 1).Accidents caused by the faults of design,manufacture and operation of tower crane account for 10%,20% and 70% respectively (Table 2).There are eight causes in the category of the accidents during operation of tower crane,i.e,no safety protection device or ineffective device,operation contrary to its instructions or by mistake,disassembling and assembling accident,malmanagement,environmental influences,bad maintenance and electric accident.Some standards and regulations in China are introduced briefly.In the end,the solutions and countermeasures to the safety problems of tower crane are proposed.These include improving the intrinsic safety of tower crane,strengthening the conventional safety management,enhancing the safety education and technical training,analyzing typical accidents and applying advanced techniques and methods. The prospect of the development of the tower crane safety technology is also discussed.