Emission profile of 18 carbonyl compounds,CO, CO2, and NOx emitted by a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and ternary blends containing diesel,ethanol and biodiesel or vegetable oils |
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| Authors: | Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro Amanda Figueiredo de Souza Ednildo Andrade Torres Jailson B de Andrade |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, 40170290 Salvador, BA, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola Politécnica, 40210-730 Salvador, BA, Brazil;3. Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente – CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Canela, 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brazil;4. INCT de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil;1. Transport Engineering Program (PET/COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. International Virtual Institute of Climate Change (IVIG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil;1. Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, Algeria;2. Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;3. Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tamil Nadu, India;4. Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey;5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey;6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dicle University, Diyarbak?r, Turkey;7. Department of Chemistry, BioScience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway;8. Vocational School of Mechanical and Material, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey;9. Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Defense Road Off Rawind Road, Lahore, Pakistan;1. Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, 15780 Athens, Greece;2. Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Mechanical Engineering Department, Al Saada Street, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt;2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Miser University for Science and Technology, 6th October City, Egypt;1. College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;2. College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China;3. Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100037, China |
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| Abstract: | The impact of vehicular emissions on air depends, among other factors, on the composition of fuel and the technology used to build the engines. The reduction of vehicular emissions requires changes in the fuel composition, and improving the technologies used in the manufacturing of engines and for the after-treatment of gases. In general, improvements to diesel engines have targeted not only emission reductions, but also reductions in fuel consumption. However, changes in the fuel composition have been shown to be a more rapid and effective alternative to reduce pollution. Some factors should been taken into consideration when searching for an alternative fuel to be used in diesel engines, such as emissions, fuel stability, availability and its distribution, as well as its effects on the engine durability. In this work, 45 fuel blends were prepared and their stability was evaluated. The following mixtures (v/v/v) were stable for the 90-day period and were used in the emission study: diesel/ethanol – 90/10%, diesel/ethanol/soybean biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/castor biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/residual biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/soybean oil – 90/7/3%, and diesel/ethanol/castor oil – 90/7/3%. The diesel/ethanol fuel showed higher reduction of NOx emission at a lower load (2 kW) when compared with pure diesel. The other fuels showed a decrease of NOx emissions in the ranges of 6.9–75% and 4–85% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. The combustion efficiencies of the diesel can be enhanced by the addition of the oxygenate fuels, like ethanol and biodiesel/vegetable oil, resulting in a more complete combustion in terms of NOx emission. In the case of CO2 the decreases were in the ranges of 5–24% and 4–6% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. Meanwhile, no differences were observed in CO emission. The carbonyl compounds (CC) studied were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, butanone, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-toluenaldehyde, m-toluenaldehyde, p-toluenaldehyde, hexaldehyde, octaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, and decaldehyde. Among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde showed the highest emission concentrations. When ternary blend contains vegetable oil, there is a strong tendency to increase the emissions of the high weight CC and decrease the emissions of the low weight CC. The highest concentration of acrolein was observed when the fuel contains diesel, ethanol and biodiesel. With the exception of NOx, the use of ternary blended fuels resulted on the increase in the emission rates of the studied compounds. |
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