Properties and sources of individual particles and some chemical species in the aerosol of a metropolitan underground railway station |
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| Authors: | Imre Salma Mihály Pósfai Kristóf Kovács Ernő Kuzmann Zoltán Homonnay József Posta |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary;3. Institute of Materials Science, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary;4. Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary;1. Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;2. Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n L''Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain;3. WPS, C/Major 13, 08870 Sitges, Spain;1. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain;2. School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3YE, UK;3. Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n, L''Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;1. Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;2. Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n, 08902, L''Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China;2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Shanghai 200433, China;1. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;3. Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, Environmental Radioactivity Lab, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece;4. University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, 81100 Mytilene, Greece;5. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;6. Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Aerosol samples in PM10–2.0 and PM2.0 size fractions were collected on the platform of a metropolitan underground railway station in central Budapest. Individual aerosol particles were studied using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and electron diffraction. The bulk aerosol samples were investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and they were subjected to chemical speciation analysis for Cr. The particles were classified into groups of iron oxides and iron, carbonates, silicates, quartz and carbonaceous debris. Electron micrographs showed that the Fe-rich particles in the PM2.0 size fraction typically consisted of aggregates of nano-sized hematite crystals that were randomly oriented, had round shapes and diameters of 5–15 nm. In addition to hematite, a minor fraction of the iron oxide particles also contained magnetite. In addition, the PM2.0-fraction particles typically had a rugged surface with layered or granular morphologies. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggested that hematite was a major Fe-bearing species in the PM10–2.0 size fraction; its mass contribution to the Fe was 36%. Further constituents (ferrite, carbides and FeOOH) were also identified. The water soluble amounts of Cr for the underground railway station and city center were similar. In the PM10–2.0 size fraction, practically all dissolved Cr had an oxidation state of three, which corresponds to ambient conditions. In the PM2.0 size fraction, however, approximately 7% of the dissolved Cr was present as Cr(VI), which was different from that for the urban aerosol. It is suggested that the increased adverse health effects of aerosol particles in metros with respect to ambient outdoor particles is linked to the differences in the oxidation states, surface properties or morphologies. |
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