Ethnicity,housing and personal factors as determinants of VOC exposures |
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| Authors: | Jennifer C D'Souza Chunrong Jia Bhrarmar Mukherjee Stuart Batterman |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Immunology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;2. Core Facility Studies, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;4. Department of Metabolomics, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;3. Ivana Tuerbachova Laboratory for Epigenetics, Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany;5. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark;6. Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;7. Children''s Hospital, Municipal Hospital “St Georg,” Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;1. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran;2. Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;3. Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany;4. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;5. Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;6. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;7. Health Faculty, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;8. Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;9. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran;10. MSc of Remote Sensing, Urmia Municipality, Urmia, Iran;11. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran;12. Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran;1. CNRM-GAME, Météo-France, CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France;2. IPSL/LSCE and LISA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France;3. EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen, Norway;4. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden;5. Uni Research, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway;6. IPSL/LSCE, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France;1. Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada;2. Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada;3. National Air Pollution Surveillance Program, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada;4. Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;1. Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, India;2. Department of Chemistry, Dr. BhimRaoAmbedkar University, Agra, India;3. Environment Response Team, United States Environment Protection Agency, NJ, USA |
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| Abstract: | Previous studies investigating effects of personal, demographic, housing and other factors on exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOC) have focused on mean or median exposures, and generally not the high exposures that are of great interest. This paper identifies determinants of personal VOC exposures on a quantile-specific basis using a nationally representative sample. The NHANES 1999–2000 VOC dataset was merged with personal, demographic, housing, smoking and occupation variables. Bivariate analyses tested for differences in geometric means and quantiles across levels of potential exposure determinants. Multivariate sample-weighted ordinary least-squares (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) models were then used to adjust for covariates. We identify a number of exposure determinants, most of which varied by exposure quantile. The most striking finding was the much higher exposures experienced by Hispanics and Blacks for aromatic VOCs (BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB). Exposure to gasoline, paints or glues, and having a machine-related occupation also were associated with extremely high BTEX and MTBE exposures. Additional determinants included the presence of attached garages and open windows, which affected exposures of BTEX (especially at lower quantiles) and MTBE (especially at higher quantiles). Smoking also increased BTEX exposures. DCB was associated with air freshener use, and PERC with dry-cleaned clothing. After adjusting for demographic, personal and housing factors, age and gender were not significant predictors of exposure. The use of QR in conjunction with OLS yields a more complete picture of exposure determinants, and identifies subpopulations and heterogeneous exposure groups in which some individuals experience very elevated exposures and which are not well represented by changes in the mean. The high exposures of Hispanics and Blacks are perplexing and disturbing, and they warrant further investigation. |
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