An analysis of continuous black carbon concentrations in proximity to an airport and major roadways |
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| Authors: | Robin E Dodson E Andres Houseman Barbara Morin Jonathan I Levy |
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| Institution: | 1. Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA, USA;2. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. State of Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Providence, RI, USA;1. Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland;2. Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04303 Leipzig, Germany;3. School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia;4. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;5. Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece;6. Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden;7. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland;8. Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;1. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy;2. ARPAT-Environmental Protection Agency of Tuscany, Via Ponte alle Mosse 211, 50144 Florence, Italy;1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China;3. National Meteorological Center of CMA, Beijing, 100081, China;1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Center for Advanced Medicine, 17 East 102 St., New York, NY 10029, USA;2. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA;3. College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 314B Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;4. Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St. T4W, Boston, MA 02118, USA |
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| Abstract: | Black carbon (BC), a constituent of particulate matter, is emitted from multiple combustion sources, complicating determination of contributions from individual sources or source categories from monitoring data. In close proximity to an airport, this may include aircraft emissions, other emissions on the airport grounds, and nearby major roadways, and it would be valuable to determine the factors most strongly related to measured BC concentrations. In this study, continuous BC concentrations were measured at five monitoring sites in proximity to a small regional airport in Warwick, Rhode Island from July 2005 to August 2006. Regression was used to model the relative contributions of aircraft and related sources, using real-time flight activity (departures and arrivals) and meteorological data, including mixing height, wind speed and direction. The latter two were included as a nonparametric smooth spatial term using thin-plate splines applied to wind velocity vectors and fit in a linear mixed model framework. Standard errors were computed using a moving-block bootstrap to account for temporal autocorrelation. Results suggest significant positive associations between hourly departures and arrivals at the airport and BC concentrations within the community, with departures having a more substantial impact. Generalized Additive Models for wind speed and direction were consistent with significant contributions from the airport, major highway, and multiple local roads. Additionally, inverse mixing height, temperature, precipitation, and at one location relative humidity, were associated with BC concentrations. Median contribution estimates indicate that aircraft departures and arrivals (and other sources coincident in space and time) contribute to approximately 24–28% of the BC concentrations at the monitoring sites in the community. Our analysis demonstrated that a regression-based approach with detailed meteorological and source characterization can provide insights about source contributions, which could be used to devise control strategies or to provide monitor-based comparisons with source-specific atmospheric dispersion models. |
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