Trends in on-road vehicle emissions of ammonia |
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| Authors: | AJ Kean D Littlejohn GA Ban-Weiss RA Harley TW Kirchstetter MM Lunden |
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| Institution: | 1. Mechanical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States;2. Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;3. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;4. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;2. Environmental Impact Assessment Research Centre, Environmental Development Centre of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China;3. Environmental Meteorological Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;2. College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;3. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany 12203, USA;4. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;1. Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;2. Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada;3. Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada;1. Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China;2. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China;3. South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Guangzhou, 510655, China;1. Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China;3. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China;4. Ecological and Agricultural Meteorology Station of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 072656, China |
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| Abstract: | Motor vehicle emissions of ammonia have been measured at a California highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. Between 1999 and 2006, light-duty vehicle ammonia emissions decreased by 38 ± 6%, from 640 ± 40 to 400 ± 20 mg kg?1. High time resolution measurements of ammonia made in summer 2001 at the same location indicate a minimum in ammonia emissions correlated with slower-speed driving conditions. Variations in ammonia emission rates track changes in carbon monoxide more closely than changes in nitrogen oxides, especially during later evening hours when traffic speeds are highest. Analysis of remote sensing data of Burgard et al. (Environmental Science Technology 2006, 40, 7018–22) indicates relationships between ammonia and vehicle model year, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Ammonia emission rates from diesel trucks were difficult to measure in the tunnel setting due to the large contribution to ammonia concentrations in a mixed-traffic bore that were assigned to light-duty vehicle emissions. Nevertheless, it is clear that heavy-duty diesel trucks are a minor source of ammonia emissions compared to light-duty gasoline vehicles. |
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