Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers |
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| Authors: | Olli Sippula Jouni Hokkinen Harri Puustinen Pasi Yli-Pirilä Jorma Jokiniemi |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Fine Particles, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland;1. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland;2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland;1. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;1. Busan Technical Center of Automotive Parts, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Republic of Korea;2. Techno-bio. Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea;3. Division of Marine Engineering, Mokpo National Maritime University, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Flue gas emissions of wood and heavy fuel oil (HFO) fired district heating units of size range 4–15 MW were studied. The emission measurements included analyses of particle mass, number and size distributions, particle chemical compositions and gaseous emissions. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were carried out to interpret the experimental findings.In wood combustion, PM1 (fine particle emission) was mainly formed of K, S and Cl, released from the fuel. In addition PM1 contained small amounts of organic material, CO3, Na and different metals of which Zn was the most abundant. The fine particles from HFO combustion contained varying transient metals and Na that originate from the fuel, sulphuric acid, elemental carbon (soot) and organic material. The majority of particles were formed at high temperature (>800 °C) from V, Ni, Fe and Na. At the flue gas dew point (125 °C in undiluted flue gas) sulphuric acid condensed forming a liquid layer on the particles. This increases the PM1 substantially and may lead to partial dissolution of the metallic cores.Wood-fired grate boilers had 6–21-fold PM1 and 2–23-fold total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations upstream of the particle filters when compared to those of HFO-fired boilers. However, the use of single field electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in wood-fired grate boilers decreased particle emissions to same level or even lower as in HFO combustion. On the other hand, particles released from the HFO boilers were clearly smaller and higher in number concentration than those of wood boilers with ESPs. In addition, in contrast to wood combustion, HFO boilers produce notable SO2 emissions that contribute to secondary particle formation in the atmosphere. Due to vast differences in concentrations of gaseous and particle emissions and in the physical and chemical properties of the particles, HFO and wood fuel based energy production units are likely to have very different effects on health and climate. |
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