Confronting environmental pressure,environmental quality and human health impact indicators of priority air emissions |
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| Authors: | Loes M.J. Geelen Mark A.J. Huijbregts Henri den Hollander Ad M.J. Ragas Hans. A. van Jaarsveld Dick de Zwart |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Office of Environmental Health and Safety, Public Health Services Brabant/Zeeland, P.O. Box 3166, 5203 DD ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands;2. Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;3. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands;4. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, the Netherlands;1. Medical Informatics and Statistics Group, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland;2. Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland;3. Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Finland;4. School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;1. Department of Medical Oncology, St. Luke''s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, St. Luke''s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;3. Center for Clinical Epidemiology, St. Luke''s Life Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan;4. Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA;5. Breast Medical Oncology, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX;1. Photonic Materials and Devices, Philips Research, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, the Netherlands;2. Graphenea, S.A. A75022608 Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Bács-Kiskun County Hospital, Nyíri út 38, 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary;2. 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;3. Department of Gastroenterology, State Health Centre, Podmaniczky u. 111, 1062 Budapest, Hungary;4. 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2, 7622 Pécs, Hungary;5. 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;6. MTA-SZTE Lendület Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Korányi fasor 8-10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary |
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| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the ranking of 21 priority air pollutants with three indicator schemes: environmental pressure indicator (EPI), environmental quality indicator (EQI), and human health effect indicator (HEI). The EPI and EQI compare the emissions and concentrations with the target emissions and target concentrations, respectively. The HEI comprehends the steps from cause (i.e. national emissions) to effect (i.e. human health effects), and is the total human health burden, expressed in Disability Adjusted Life Years per year of exposure (DALYs year?1). We estimated a health burden in the Netherlands of 41 × 103 DALYs year?1 caused by Dutch air emissions of PM10 and its precursors in the year 2003. The burden due to 17 carcinogenic substances emitted to air, was much lower (140 DALYs year?1). In contrast, when the same substances were evaluated regarding environmental pressure and environmental quality, carbon tetrachloride (pressure) and benzo[a]pyrene (quality) were of highest importance, whereas the importance of PM10 was substantially lower. This result is remarkable, because for the majority of substances evaluated, the target concentrations and target emissions are based on preventing human health damage. The differences in relevance are explained by the different weighting of interests in the indicators. The HEI is based on concentration–response relations, whereas the EPI and EQI also depend on other, policy-based, principles and on technical feasibility. Therefore, to effectively prioritize emission reduction measures in policy-making, substances should not only be evaluated as to whether emission targets and environmental quality targets are reached, but they should be evaluated regarding their human health impact as well. In this context, the HEI is a suitable indicator to evaluate the human health impact. |
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