Effects of 10% biofuel substitution on ground level ozone formation in Bangkok,Thailand |
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| Authors: | Austin Milt Aaron Milano Savitri Garivait Richard Kamens |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;2. Joint Graduate School of Energy and the Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand;1. Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, #2 Peining Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan;2. Department of Atmospheric Physics, National Central University, Taiwan;1. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;2. Guangdong Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510045, China;1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;1. Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States;3. Department of Psychology, St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI, 54115,United States;4. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States;1. School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China;3. Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China;1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;2. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;3. Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece;4. Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 27, 15310, Athens, Greece;5. Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands;6. Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, USA |
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| Abstract: | The Thai Government's search for alternatives to imported petroleum led to the consideration of mandating 10% biofuel blends (biodiesel and gasohol) by 2012. Concerns over the effects of biofuel combustion on ground level ozone formation in relation to their conventional counterparts need addressing. Ozone formation in Bangkok is explored using a trajectory box model. The model is compared against O3, NO, and NO2 time concentration data from air monitoring stations operated by the Thai Pollution Control Department. Four high ozone days in 2006 were selected for modeling. Both the traditional trajectory approach and a citywide average approach were used. The model performs well with both approaches but slightly better with the citywide average. Highly uncertain and missing data are derived within realistic bounds using a genetic algorithm optimization. It was found that 10% biofuel substitution will lead to as much as a 16 ppb peak O3 increase on these four days compared to a 48 ppb increase due to the predicted vehicle fleet size increase between 2006 and 2012. The approach also suggests that when detailed meteorological data is not available to run three dimensional airshed models, and if the air is stagnant or predominately remains over an urban area during the day, that a simple low cost trajectory analysis of O3 formation may be applicable. |
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