Rapid measurement of emissions from military aircraft turbine engines by downstream extractive sampling of aircraft on the ground: Results for C-130 and F-15 aircraft |
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| Authors: | Chester W. Spicer Michael W. Holdren Kenneth A. Cowen Darrell W. Joseph Jan Satola Bradley Goodwin Howard Mayfield Alexander Laskin M. Lizabeth Alexander John V. Ortega Matthew Newburn Robert Kagann Ram Hashmonay |
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| Affiliation: | 1. SpiceAir Consulting, 2703 Mt. Holyoke Rd., Columbus, OH 43221, USA;2. Scientific Consulting, 4781 Teter Ct., Columbus, OH 4320, USA;3. Battelle, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA;4. Air Force Research Laboratory, 139 Barnes Dr., Tyndall AFB, FL 32403, USA;5. Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352, USA;6. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;7. Arcadis G&M, Durham, NC 27713, USA;1. TUSA? Engine Industries, Eskisehir, Turkey;2. Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Anadolu University TR-26470 Eskisehir, Turkey;3. Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdo?an University, Rize 53100, Turkey;1. Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Empa, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland;2. Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland;3. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland;4. Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO 65409, USA;5. Swiss Federal O?ce of Civil Aviation (FOCA), Bern CH-5003, Switzerland;6. Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council (NRC), Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada;1. Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;2. Routeware, Trægården 9, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;1. Aeronautical Engineer at 1’st Air Maintenance Factory Directorate (1.HBFM), General Directorate of Military Factories (AFGM), Ministry of National Defence (MND), Eskisehir, Turkey;2. Visiting Assoc. Prof. Dr. at Aviation Science and Technology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Bat? Meselik Campus, Eskisehir, Turkey;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Usak University, 64200 Usak, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | Aircraft emissions affect air quality on scales from local to global. More than 20% of the jet fuel used in the U.S. is consumed by military aircraft, and emissions from this source are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulations, so improved methods for quickly and accurately determining emissions from existing and new engines are needed. This paper reports results of a study to advance the methods used for detailed characterization of military aircraft emissions, and provides emission factors for two aircraft: the F-15 fighter and the C-130 cargo plane. The measurements involved outdoor ground-level sampling downstream behind operational military aircraft. This permits rapid change-out of the aircraft so that engines can be tested quickly on operational aircraft. Measurements were made at throttle settings from idle to afterburner using a simple extractive probe in the dilute exhaust. Emission factors determined using this approach agree very well with those from the traditional method of extractive sampling at the exhaust exit. Emission factors are reported for CO2, CO, NO, NOx, and more than 60 hazardous and/or reactive organic gases. Particle size, mass and composition also were measured and are being reported separately. Comparison of the emissions of nine hazardous air pollutants from these two engines with emissions from nine other aircraft engines is discussed. |
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