Use of the terrestrial moss Pseudoscleropodium purum to detect sources of small scale contamination by PAHs

Here we present a simple, economic method of identifying sources of small scale contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The method involves determining the concentrations of the contaminants in the terrestrial moss Pseudoscleropodium purum and consists of the following steps: i) testing for the existence of gradients of decreasing concentrations of PAHs in the moss in relation to distance from different emission sources; ii) measurement of the concentration of PAHs at 35 pairs of sampling sites, each separated by a distance of 1 km; iii) study of the distribution of the differences in concentration between these pairs of sampling sites and elimination of extreme values (affected by small scale sources of contamination); iv) characterization of normal distributions to determine the probability of the data being thus distributed; and v) testing the method in the surroundings of possible sources of small scale contamination by PAHs. The decrease in concentration of all of the compounds followed a steep gradient with increasing distance from the emission source; after elimination of the outliers, the distribution of the differences in concentration between the 35 pairs of sampling sites was normal for all compounds, except benzo(a)pyrene. Application of the method to 15 different types of industries provided satisfactory results and the method proved to be a very useful tool for monitoring and evaluating air quality.